Social Development

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Social Development

• The changing nature of relationships with others
  over the life span

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What Are the Issues ?

• Individuals develop socially. How do social
  relationships develop?
• What factors drive social development?
• biological
• cultural
• cognitive

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Eriksons Theory

• Biological in belief that there are innate drives
  to develop social relationships and that these
  promote survival (Darwinism)
• Divided life span into eight psychosocial stages,
  each associated with a different drive and a
  problem or crisis to resolve
• Outcome of each stage varies along a continuum
  from positive to negative

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Infant Attachment

• Intense emotional bond between infant and
  caregiver

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Harlows Study of Attachment

• Infant rhesus monkeys placed with two surrogate
  mothers, one wire, one covered with soft cloth
• Milk-producing nipple attached to either wire or
  cloth mother

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• Attachment was based on contact comfort rather
  than feeding

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Ainsworths Strange Situation

• Mother-child observed in playroom
• 4 conditions
• initial mother-child interaction
• mother leaves infant alone in playroom
• friendly stranger enters playroom
• mother returns and greets child

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Forms of Attachment

• Securely attached - explores the room when mother
  present, becomes upset and explores less when
  mother not present, shows pleasure when mother
  returns
• Avoidantly attached - form of insecure
  attachment child avoids mother and act coldly to
  her

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Forms of Attachment

• Anxious resistant attachment - insecure
  attachment child remains close to mother and
  remains distressed despite her attempts to comfort

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Memory and attachment history (Belsky et al.,
1996)
Recognition score
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Gender Differences

• Biological basis difference in prenatal hormone
  exposure
• Cultural basis difference in interactions with
  caregivers

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Hoffmans Categories of Discipline

• Power assertion - use of rewards and real or
  threatened punishments to control childrens
  behavior
• Love withdrawal - expressing disapproval of child
  rather than action
• Induction - verbal reasoning in which parent
  induces child to think about harmful consequences
  of actions

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Baumrinds Parenting Styles

• Authoritarian - value obedience and use a high
  degree of power assertion
• Authoritative - less concerned with obedience,
  greater use of induction
• Permissive - most tolerant, least likely to use
  discipline
• Neglectful - completely uninvolved

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Kohlbergs Theory of Moral Development

• Assessed moral reasoning by posing hypothetical
  moral dilemmas and examining the reasoning behind
  peoples answers
• Proposed five stages, each taking into account a
  broader portion of the social world

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Levels of Moral Reasoning

• Preconventional - moral reasoning is based on
  external rewards and punishments
• Conventional - laws and rules are upheld simply
  because they are laws and rules
• Postconventional - reasoning based on personal
  moral standards

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Stage 1 Obedience and Punishment Orientation

• A focus on direct consequences
• Negative actions will result in punishments
• Positive actions will result in rewards

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Stage 2 Self-Interested Exchanges

• Reflects the understanding that different people
  have different self-interests, which sometimes
  come in conflict
• Getting what one wants often requires giving
  something up in return

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Stage 3 Interpersonal Accord and Conformity

• An attempt to live up to the expectations of
  important others
• Positive actions will improve relations with
  significant others
• Negative actions will harm those relationships

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Stage 4 Law-and-Order Morality

• To maintain social order, people must resist
  personal pressures and follow the laws of the
  larger society

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Stage 5 Human-Rights and Social-Welfare Morality

• A balance is struck between respect for laws and
  ethical principles that transcend specific laws
• Laws that fail to promote general welfare or that
  violate ethical principles can be changed,
  reinterpreted, or abandoned