Humerus

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Humerus

• Articulates with radius and ulna
• Elbow joint

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Figure 8.5 The Radius and Ulna
Figure 8.5
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Carpal bones and hand

• Carpus forms wrist
• Two rows of short bones
• Distal row articulates with metacarpals
• Four fingers have three phalanges
• Pollex (thumb) has two

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Figure 8.6 Bones of the Wrist and Hand
Figure 8.6
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The pelvic girdle and lower limbs

• More massive than the pectoral girdle
• Consists of two os coxae
• Fusion of ilium, ischium and pubis

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Figure 8.7 The Os Coxae
Figure 8.7
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Ilium

• Largest hip bone
• Within acetabulum, fused to the ischium
  (posteriorly) and the pubis (anteriorly)
• Pubic symphysis limits left to right

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Figure 8.7 The Os Coxae
Figure 8.7
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Figure 8.8 The Pelvis
Figure 8.8
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Pelvis

• Composed of the hipbones, sacrum and coccyx
• Subdivided into the false (greater) and true
  (lesser) pelvis

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Figure 8.9 Divisions of the Pelvis
Figure 8.9
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Figure 8.10 Anatomical Differences in the Pelvis
of a Male and a Female
Figure 8.10
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The lower limbs

• Femur is the longest bone in the body
• Articulates with the tibia at the knee
• Patella is a large sesamoid bone
• Fibula parallels tibia laterally

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Figure 8.11 The Femur
Figure 8.11
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Figure 8.12 The Right Patella
Figure 8.12
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Figure 8.13 The Tibia and Fibula
Figure 8.13
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Tarsus

• Has seven tarsal bones
• Pattern of metatarsal bones and phalanges
  parallels that of the hand
• All toes have three phalanges except the hallux
  (two phalanges)

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Figure 8.14 Bones of the Ankle and Foot
Figure 8.14
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Ankle and arches

• When standing, most of the weight of the body is
  transferred from the talus to the calcaneous
• Rest is passed on to metatarsals
• Weight transfer occurs along longitudinal arch
• Transverse arch

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Important Variation in the Skeletal System

• Medical history
• Weight
• Gender
• Body size
• Muscle mass
• Age

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Age related changes in skeletal system

• Begin about age one
• Continue throughout life