Developmental Psychology

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Developmental Psychology

• Chapter 3 Heredity, Environmental Influences,
  and Prenatal Development
• Chapter 4 Childbirth and the Neonate

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Where does it all begin?

• Gametes
• Haploid human sex cells
• _________________________
• The process of sperm production in the testes of
  a male after he reaches puberty

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Early beginnings

• Oogenesis
• The process by which female gametes, or egg cells
  called ova are ripened in the ovaries

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Ovulation

• Ovulation Video

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Fertilization

• Upon ejaculation
• 200 to 500 million
• Sperm are released
• Special enzymes
• Allow the sperm to
• Penetrate the egg
• wall

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Family Planning and contraception

• Excluding miscarriages, 49 of the pregnancies
  concluding in 1994 were unintended 54of these
  ended in abortion.
• 48 of woman age 15 to 44 in 1994 had at least 1
  unplanned pregnancy sometime in their lives.
• What are the implications? How can this be
  prevented?

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Prenatal Development

• Germinal Period
• From conception to implantation (attachment to
  the uterine wall) about 14 days
• Embryonic Period
• ____________________________
• Fetal Period
• From 8 weeks through the remainder of the
  pregnancy

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Concerns during Pregnancy

• Prenatal Care
• Minor Side Effects
• ____________ Vomiting
• Toxemia
• High blood pressure
• Can be fatal to mother or fetus
• Miscarriage/ Abortion
• Ectopic Pregnancy
• Others discussed in text

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Alternate means of conception

• Artificial Insemination
• Surrogate Mothers
• ____________Fertilization
• Embryo Transplant
• Would you consider one of these options?

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Inheritance

• Phenotypes- observable traits
• Genotypes- underlying genetic
• Can brown eyed parents have a blue eyed child?
• Can blue eyed parents have a brown eyed child?

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Current issues in Child trait selection

• If you could tailor your childs genetics would
  you?
• Eyes
• Height
• Diseases
• Athleticism
• Intelligence
• What are the implications?
• let me get a Kobe, Einstein, Brad Pit, to go
  please.with a splash of Obama

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Prenatal Environment

• When does the environment start to shape you?
• Teratogens
• Any substance that crosses the placental barrier,
  harm the embryo or fetus, and cause birth defects
• Can you think of some?
• Drugs (alcohol-leading known cause of birth
  defects)
• Heavy Metals, Pollutants, Chemicals
• Radiation
• STDs

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Preparing for childbirth

• The _________ Method
• Originated in Russia
• 4 major components
• Education about birthing
• process
• Exercise
• Controlled breathing
• Emotional support and
• coaching

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Labor

• Is rhythmic in nature beginning with uterine
  contractions
• At first 15-20minutes apart
• Gradually working to 3 to 4 minutes apart
• With contraction length also increasing
• Terms to know
• ___________discharge of the blood stained mucus
  plug sealing the neck of the uterus
• Precedes labor by as much as 72 hours
• Amniotic Sac- water breaking
• ___________discharging of the placenta
• Episiotomy- youll see

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Child birth

• Birth Animation
• Actual Child Birth
• WARNING VIDEO IS GRAPHIC
• VIEWER DISCRETION IS ADVISED

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Post Delivery Assessments

• Apgar Score(each dimension is scored 0-2) with 10
  being the highest combined score
• Heart rate
• Respiratory effort
• Muscle tone
• Reflex response
• Color
• Apgar Video Part 1
• Apgar Video Part 2
• ___________Assessment

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Postpartum

• Postpartum Depression
• Sexual Relationships
• Wait until comfortable or advised by physician
• Pregnancy possible within weeks
• Returning to work
• __________return to work within a month
• 53 had returned at 6th month
• 61 had returned in 12th month

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The neonate

• Vision
• Clear vision between 7 to 15 inches
• Preferences for faces
• At 1 month can distinguish mothers face
• Normalizes by 6th month
• Hearing
• Infants can hear sounds in uterus
• More developed than vision
• Show preference for mothers voice

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The neonate

• Smell
• Responsive to odors from the mothers breast
• Taste
• Within hours can distinguish sour from bitter as
  well as other tastes
• Reflexes
• Rooting reflex Video
• Moro reflex Video
• Palmars grasp reflex
• Others noted in text

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Brain and Nervous System

• Differences in neonate neural development
• 1)neonates continues to form new nerve cells, a
  process that continues until the second month
• 2)the billion of neurons that are present
  continue to mature. Dendrites grow and develop
  increasing efficiency
• 3)myelination of neurons-reduces jerky movements
  to create great coordination and neural
  efficiency
• 4)inactive brain areas, most activity occurring
  in the brain stem. The cerebral cortex remains
  relatively under developed