Developmental Psychology

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Developmental Psychology

• Chapter 4
• From Birth to Death Life Span Development

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IX. Developmental Psychology (79)

• Life-Span Approach
• Research Methods (e.g., longitudinal,
  cross-sectional)
• Heredity-Environment Issues- Nature vs. Nurture
• Developmental Theories- Piaget, Freud, Erikson,
• Dimensions of Development
• Physical
• Cognitive- Piaget
• Social
• Moral-Kohlberg, Gilligan
• Sex Roles, Sex Differences

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Postpartum Depression

• http//www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/common/s
  tandard/transform.jsp?requestURI/healthatoz/Atoz/
  dc/caz/ment/depr/postpart.jsp

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Erik Erikson

• Personality theorist
• Student of Freud
• Built on Freud, found that
• Early childhood important for development of
  personality (Life Span approach)
• Supported structure of the ID, Ego and Superego-
  unconscious drives
• Believed that the main them in life was quest for
  identity

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Erikson and Identity Formation

• Identity is the major core of personality
• Identity is a stable image of the relation
  between the self and the social world.
• Major psychological events (Dilemmas) occur in
  typical life and can be anticipated.We all face
  predictable psychological conflicts as we
  develop.
• Identity Formation is a life long process
• Has 8 stages
• One built on the other

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Erikson 8 Stages

• Each stage has a main a developmental task and
  some developmental milestones that must be
  accomplished to progress.
• Crisis and conflicts are inherent in each stage
• Each stage has demands and possibilities

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Erikson Stages

• Stage One first year Trust vs. Mistrust (secure
  and insecure attachments)
• Stage Two 1-3 years Autonomy vs. shame doubt
• Stage three 3-5 years Initiative vs. guilt
• Stage four 6- 12 years Industry vs. Inferiority
  or Adequacy vs. Inadequacy
• Stage five Adolescence Identity vs. Role
  Confusion
• Stage six Young Adulthood Intimacy vs.
  Isolation
• Stage seven Middle Adulthood Generative vs.
  Stagnation
• Stage 8 Late Adulthood Intimacy vs. Despair

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Adolescence Identity vs. Role Confusion

• Turbulent period, culturally defined
• Between childhood and Adulthood
• Physical Development-
• Puberty
• Sexual Maturation
• Developmentally- adolescents are questioning
• Attitudes
• Who am I
• Sometimes there is role confusion
• Conflicting roles student, friend, athlete,
  worker, son

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Adolescent- high emotion Romeo and Juliet
syndrome

• Rousseau suggests three features
• Instability and emotional conflict-caused by
  biological maturity
• He becomes deaf to the voice he used to obeyhe
  is a lion in a fervor,
• He distrusts his keeper and refuses to be
  controlled.

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Diversity of IdentityAdolescents have multiple
identities.

• Ethnic Identity

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Puberty-Biological Event

• Girls- 9-12 years old, begin
• Boys- 11-14 years
• Hormonal changes
• Cause rapid physical and sexual maturity
• Immature- social experience, intellectual and
  knowledge
• Identity Formation- puberty- Time to begin a new
  self image

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Adolescence transition

• Adulthood transition-
• Responsibility for oneself
• Independent decisions
• Financial independence

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Early and Late Maturation

• Bodily awareness concerns
• Timing of puberty? may cause dissatisfaction over
  body
• Early maturation for boys is seen positive in
  society (seen as athletic, self assured)
• Girls seen as less prestige
• Poor self image.. (not in middle school)

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Problems of Childhood

• Normal Problems
• Overprotection
• Sibling Rivalry
• Childhood Rebellion
• Divorce
• Serious Problems
• Autism
• Toilet Training disturbances
• Feeding Disturbances
• Overeating
• Anorexia Nervousa
• Pica

• Speech Disturbances
• Delayed speech
• Telegraphic speech
• Stuttering
• Learning Disorders
• Dyslexia
• ADHD
• Conduct Disorders

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Autism

• Behaviors
• Temper tantrums-
• Parroting back Echolalia
• Repetitive Actions- rocking, flapping arms
• Sensory blocking- non responses
• Sensory spinout- watching faucet drip

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Causes of Autism

• Congenital defects in brain
• Symptoms occur before year 1 old
• Brains are larger than normal
• 25 approach normalcy
• Treatment helps- behavior modification
• Ivar Lovaas is a pioneer in the field
• Shaped behavior through rewards and punishment

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Child Abuse Defined- physical or emotional harm
caused by violence mistreatment or neglect

• Widespread- 3.5-14 abused by parents- 2million
  children physically abused in US/year
• Parents have high level of stress- causes more
  abuse

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Early Maturing Girls

• May force premature identity formation
• Treated as an adult too early
• Creates distorted sense of self
• Date sooner
• More independent
• More active in school
• In trouble at school
• Early sex experiences

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Parents and TeensDavid Elkind (researcher)

• Hurried Adulthood- parents push kids too much
• Causes too much stress
• Parents affect Identity Formation sometimes
  creates- conflict
• Dating, sex, substance abuse, freedom
• Parents should be authoritative- dont give in or
  give up

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Adolescent PerceptionsElkind

• Imaginary Audiences teens are preoccupied by
  imagining audiences-
• Concerned that they are being watched
• Affects behavior
• Kids try to control outside impressions

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Autism Rain Man

• Children in own thoughts
• Fantasies
• Private impulses
• Extreme isolation
• Affects 1 in 2500
• 4 times more boys than girls
• No interest in other people
• Not affectionate

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Adolescents and Peer Group

• Peer group-
• People who share similar
• Status
• Security-identity
• Social Network
• During adolescence there is increased
  identification with peer group
• Conformity peeks-
• Group pressure can shut down personal growth

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Foreclosure

• Close identification with a peer group and or
  conformity can Shut Down personal Growth
  Foreclosure

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Is it ok to loot during a riot?
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Kohlberg

• Link to good web site
• Kohlberg, who was born in 1927, grew up in
  Bronxville, New York, and attended the Andover
  Academy in Massachusetts, a private high school
  for bright and usually wealthy students. He did
  not go immediately to college, but instead went
  to help the Israeli cause, in which he was made
  the Second Engineer on an old freighter carrying
  refugees from parts of Europe to Israel.
• After this, in 1948, he enrolled at the
  University of Chicago, where he scored so high on
  admission tests that he had to take only a few
  courses to earn his bachelor's degree. This he
  did in one year. He stayed on at Chicago for
  graduate work in psychology, at first thinking he
  would become a clinical psychologist.
• However, he soon became interested in Piaget and
  began interviewing children and adolescents on
  moral issues. The result was his doctoral
  dissertation (1958a), the first rendition of his
  new stage theory.

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Kohlberg Moral Development

• Questions of conscience solidifies during
  adolescence
• Kohlberg- said- we learn moral values through
  thinking and reasoning
• He posed dilemmas to study kids
• Found- 3 levels of moral development based on
  reasoning

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3 levels of Kohlberg

• Pre-Conventional- Moral thinking? result of
  consequences
• Punishments and rewards
• Exchange of favors
• Conventional Level- moral thinking -? based on
  desire to please others
• Or to follow accepted rules and values
• Post-Conventional level- moral thinking ? based
  on self accepted thinking (mature)

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Kohlberg-6 Stages

• People advance through stages differently many
  dont reach the end.
• Stage 1-2 (Pre-conventional) young children and
  delinquents
• Stage 3-4 (Conventional) group oriented morals
• Older children and most adults
• Stage 5-6 (Post Conventional) Self directed
  morals- higher principles
• 20 of Adult population
• Higher principles

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Gilligan Moral Development

• CAROL GILLIGAN Link1936-Current
• She is currently a Professor at the Harvard
  Graduate School of Education and a principle
  investigator on numerous studies of girls' and
  women's development.
• In 1970, Gilligan was a research assistant for
  Lawrence Kohlberg. In outrage and despair of the
  lack of attention given to women and girls in
  psychological research, she began to study and
  research women's development.
• During the past 20 years, Gilligan has
  contributed to research on adolescence, moral
  reasoning, and conflict resolution. She is best
  known for her book called In a Different Voice
  Psychological Theory and Women's Development.

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Gilligan and Moral Development

• Justice or caring
• Found that caring about others or concern for
  others moral development
• Boys look for justice
• Girls look for solution for all parties

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Outline Both Gould and Levinsonand compare to
Erikson

• Gould

• Levinson

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Roger Gould Development Patterns

• I started my academic psychiatric career as the
  head of the U.C.L.A. outpatient and community
  psychiatry department.
• Thats where my lifelong focus on normal adult
  development began. I have written papers and
  textbook chapters as well as a book for the
  general public (Transformations, Growth and
  Change in Adult Life) based on research that I
  and my colleagues did on the predictable sequence
  of changing patterns and preoccupations during
  the adult years.

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Goulds Adult Development Patterns

• Age 16-18 Escape from dominance
• Escape from parents
• Age 18-22 Leaving the family
• Finding substitutes for family- closer
  relationships
• Age 22-28 Building a workable life
• Seeking competence ltaccomplishmentgt
• Reaching out to others ltintimacygt
• Togetherness
• Ages 29-34 Crisis of questions
• Minor life crisis
• Serious questioning of what life is all about
• Is this it?
• Confidence waivers
• Extra marital affairs divorce occur commonly

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Gould Continued

• Age 35-43 Crisis of Urgency
• Realization of reality of death
• Only limited years
• More desire for success goals/career
• Generativity- (the desire to leave a legacy)
• Nurturing, teaching, serving others- helps
  alleviate
• Age 43-50 Attaining Stability
• Calm acceptance of Fate
• The die is cast.
• Appreciation of family
• Age 50 and up Mellowing
• Savor life
• Les concern for glamour, wealth, accomplishment,
  abstract growth

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Levinson Midlife Crisis

• 5 periods of transition
• People in these periods express concerns about
  identity, work and relationships
• Begins ages 37-41
• Instability, anxiety, change
• Last chance to achieve goals

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Midlife Basics

• Menopause
• Hormone depletion
• Estrogen drops
• Causes fatigue, hot flashes, anxiety,
  irritability, depression
• Andropause- reduction of testosterone
• Empty nest

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6 elements of Well-being during Adulthood

• Self Acceptance
• Positive Relations with others
• Autonomy (personal freedom)
• Environmental mastery
• A purpose in life
• Continued personal growth

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Kubler-Ross Death and Dying

• Web site
• Dr Elisabeth Kübler-Ross pioneered methods in the
  support and counseling of personal trauma, grief
  and grieving, associated with death and dying.
• She also dramatically improved the understanding
  and practices in relation to bereavement and
  hospice care.
• Her ideas, notably the five stages of grief model
  (denial, anger, bargaining, depression,
  acceptance), are also transferable to personal
  change and emotional upset resulting from factors
  other than death and dying.

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Bereavement and Grieving