Religion, Slavery, Women,

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Religion, Slavery, Women, the Workplace
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1. A broad religious movement that swept across the
   U.S. after 1790 which emphasized individual
   responsibility for seeking salvation and insisted
   that people could improve themselves and society.
2. The church became a political, cultural, and
   social center for African Americans, providing
   schools and other services that whites denied
   free blacks. Slaves interpreted the Christian
   message as a promise of freedom for their people.
   The church gave slaves a deep inner faith, a
   strong sense of community, and the spiritual
   support to oppose slavery.

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• 3. Some states, like PA, began to develop tax
  supported public school systems. By the 1850s
  every state had a system of public elementary
  schools. Horace Mann led school reforms in MA
  that increased the spent on schools, instituted
  curriculum reforms, and established teacher
  training programs.
• 4. Before Dorothea Dix prisoners lived in brutal
  conditions, were beaten and mentally ill people
  were housed with common criminals. Dix led to
  the passage of laws that improved the conditions
  in prisons and set up public hospitals for the
  mentally ill.

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• 5. They wanted all African Americans to be moved
  back to Africa. They believed that A.A. were an
  inferior race that could not coexist with white
  society. Most Africans did not want to go and
  the plan for colonization in Africa did not work
  at all.
• 6. William Lloyd Garrison supported immediate
  emancipation which would provide no compensation
  to slaveholders. He also supported using
  violence to end slavery.
• Frederick Douglass supported abolition but was
  not as radical as Garrison. He wanted slavery to
  end without violence and he realized that it
  would take time for slavery to end effectively.

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• 7. Rural slaves lived worked on large
  plantations in large groups, they all worked in
  the fields from dawn until dusk, they lived in
  small cramped slave quarters and were often
  whipped when not working fast enough.
• Urban slaves worked in textile mills, factories,
  mines, lumberyards. They worked for an hourly
  wage but the slave owner got the . Urban slaves
  were fed clothed much better and lived in
  better conditions than rural slaves.

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• 8. Escaped slave Nat Turner gathered a group of
  50 followers which attacked and killed 70 white
  plantation dwellers. Southern whites retaliated
  and killed many of Turners followers and
  eventually captured and killed Turner. This
  rebellion led to the tightening of restrictions
  against slaves. Slave owners would not allow
  slaves to learn to read write, attend church,
  own guns, purchase alcohol, assemble in public,
  testify in court, or work independently due to
  the fear of future rebellions.

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• 9. The cult of domesticity (based on prevailing
  customs) forced women to restrict their
  activities after marriage to home and family.
  This prevented women from becoming educated and
  working outside the home.
• 10. Many women were opposed to slavery and tried
  to assist the abolition movement by raising
  money, distributing literature, and collecting
  signatures for petitions to Congress. Some men
  supported the womens efforts and others opposed.
  Their participation in the abolition movement
  eventually led women to fight for their own
  rights as well.

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• 11. Most women were only allowed to go to
  elementary school because they needed no further
  education to become a housewife. In the 1820s
  1830s educational reformers began to open
  schools for women like Troy Female Seminary,
  Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, Oberlin College
• 12. The first womens rights convention in U.S.
  History held in Seneca Falls NY, in 1848.
• It was written in the style of the Declaration
  of Independence and it called for women to be
  able to participate in public issues on an equal
  basis with men except for the right to vote.

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• 13. Masters were the most experienced shop worker
  who was an expert at the craft
• journeymen were skilled workers who were
  employed by masters that had some experience but
  were not as skilled as the masters
• apprentices were young workers who were still
  learning the craft
• 14. Conditions that already included 12 hour
  workdays, poor ventilation, heat, darkness
  worsened when managers forced workers to become
  more productive without hiring enough new
  workers. They were fined for tardiness, wages
  were lowered, and this led to the girls going on
  strike.

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• 15. Mill owners threatened to replace striking
  workers with other local women and strikers
  backed down and went to work. Mill owners would
  fire the leaders of the strike without strong
  leadership most of the women went back to work
  without gaining anything.
• 16. Most U.S. immigrants came from northern
  western Europe, specifically Germany Ireland
• Immigrants settled in northern eastern cities
  where the Industrial Revolution provided new
  jobs. They avoided the south because slavery
  limited their ability to make a living.