Introduction To Nuclear Physics Lab

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• Introduction To Nuclear Physics Lab

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Contents

• What is Radioactivity?
• Radioactivity Decays
• Interaction of Ionizing Radiation with matter
• Radiation Detectors
• Ionizing Radiation safety
• Conclusion

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Introduction

• What is Radiation?
• Radiation is energy traveling in the form of
  particles or
• waves in bundles of energy called photons.

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TYPES OF RADIATIONS

• 1)Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation
• Radio.
• Microwaves.
• Infra Red (Heat).
• Visible Light (Color).
• Ultra Violet.
• 2)Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation
• X-Rays.
• Gamma Rays.
• 3)Ionizing Atomic Particle Radiation
• Beta Rays.
• Alpha Rays.
• Neutrons

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What is Radioactivity?

• When the nucleus is unstable
• it will decay into a more stable atom.
• This radioactive decay is completely spontaneous.
  

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• When an unstable nucleus decays, there are three
  ways that it can do so
• 1) Alpha Particle (a-particle)
• 2) Beta Particle (ß-particle)
• 3) Gamma Ray ( ?-Ray)

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Gamma Ray Beta Particle Alpha particle Type of Radiation
? ß a symbol
0 1/2000 4 Mass (a.m.u)
0 -1 2 charge
Very fast (speed of light) Fast Slow Speed
0 Medium High Ionizing ability
High Medium Low Penetrating power
Lead Aluminum Paper Stopped by
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A) Alpha Particle Decay

• B) Beta Particle Decay
  
  

C) Gamma Rays
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Interaction of radiation with matter
1)Alpha particle.
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Interaction of radiation with matter
2)Beta Particles.
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Interaction of radiation with matter

• 3)Gamma Rays.

Pair Production
photoelectric effect
Compton Scattering
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• Photoelectric effect

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• Compton Scattering

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• Pair Production

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Measures of Radioactivity

• The activity of source is measured in this units
• Becquerel (Bq)
  Curie (Ci)
• 1 Bq 1 disintegration/sec 1 Ci
  37000000000 dps

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Radioactivity Detectors

• The most important detectors to counting
• particles are
• 1) Gas-filled Counters.
• 2) Scintillation Counters.
• 3) Semiconductor detectors or solid state
  detectors.

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Geiger-Muller Detector
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Scintillation Counter
The solid scintillation counter is a solid state
radiation detector which uses a scintillation
crystal (phosphor) to detect radiation and
produce light pulses.
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Half life

• Half-life is the time required for the quantity
  of a radioactive material to be reduced to
  one-half its original value.
• Ex Uranuim-298
• 4.5 billion years (long time)
• Carbon-14
• 20 min ( short time)

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Ionizing Radiation Safety

• Remove the source from the storage only when
  ready to use it.
• Never pick up radioactive sources except with the
  tweezers/tongs.
• Increase your distance from the source.
• Decrease your time exposure to the source.
• There should be no eating, drinking in the
  laboratory where such sources are in use.
• Be sure that the sources are returned to the
  storage before you leave the laboratory.

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Prepared by

• Sara AL-Dosari