THE LATE EIGHTEENTH AND EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURIES

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THE LATE EIGHTEENTH AND EARLY NINETEENTH
CENTURIES
To Jackson
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EVENTS LEADING TO THE REVOLUTIONARY
WAR (1750-1776)
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In 1754 the colonists considered themselves
English
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ALBANY PLAN OF UNION
In 1754, representatives from seven colonies met
in Albany
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Developed by Benjamin Franklin
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Provided for an inter-colonial government and a
system for collecting taxes for the colonies'
defense
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Efforts to unite the colonies met with less
success than he hoped
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Produced Join or Die cartoon and flag
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THE SEVEN YEARS' WAR (1754-1763)
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Lasted ten years
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also called the French and Indian War
They fought on SAME side
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Colonists were expanding westward French wanted
to protect fur trade
French tried to stop them by building fortified
outposts
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George Washington attacked a French outpost and
lost badly
Allowed to return to Virginia, he was welcomed
as a hero!!
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When the war was over, England was the undisputed
colonial power of the continent
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Many Americans served in the English army
English did not make a good impression!
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Sowed the first seeds of anti-British sentiment
in the colonies
Indians particularly disliked the English
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English raised the price of goods sold to the
Indians
Pontiac rallied a group of tribes in the Ohio
Valley and attacked colonial outposts
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British government issued the Proclamation of
1763 forbidding settlement west of the rivers
running through the Appalachians
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Settlers had already moved west of the line. The
proclamation agitated them
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Pontiacs rebellion

• First test of Brit imperial policy.
• Chief Pontiac led an attack against settlers on
  western frontier
• Alliance of tribes in Ohio Valley destroyed forst
  sand settlements from NY to VA
• Brits sent troops not colonial army to deal with
  in

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THE SUGAR ACT, THE CURRENCY ACT, AND THE STAMP ACT
WAR DEBTS
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Colonies' tradition of self-taxation was being
usurped
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Stamp Act affected a group that was literate,
persuasive, and argumentative-namely, lawyers
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In MA, James Otis wrote The Rights of the British
Colonies Asserted and Proved Called for a Stamp
Act Congress reps from 9 colonies
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Otis put forward the "No taxation without
representation" argument
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Otis did not advocate secession
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Patrick Henry drafted the Virginia Stamp Act
Resolves, protesting the tax
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THE TOWNSHEND ACTS
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Taxed goods imported directly from Britain (tea,
glass and paper)
Some of the tax collected was set aside for the
British army Allowed Brits to search colonial
houses for smuggled goods
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Patriots were mostly white Protestant property
holders Townshend acts repealed
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Boston Massacre

• Bostonians resented the quartering of Brit
  soldiers there to protect customs agents from the
  Sons of Liberty
• March 1770 crowd of colonists harassed guards
  near the customs house. Gurds fired killing 5
  including Crispus Attucks
• Sam Adams called it a massacre

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Boston Tea Party

• Committee of Correspondence initiated by Sam
  Adams
• The Gaspee - Brit customs ship successful at
  caputing smugglers. Ran aground in 1772 in RI.
  Colonists dressed as Indians ordered the crew off
  the boat and set it on fire
• In response to the Tea Act of 1773 making the
  British East India Co tea cheaper (even with the
  tax) than the smuggled Dutch tea
• Protested by dumping the tea into the sea 342
  chests of tea

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Intolerable Acts

• Coercive Acts 1774 punished Boston harbor
• Quebec Act accepting most French Canadians and
  Catholicism

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Enlightenment

• John Locke
• Secularism

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First Continental Congress

• All colonies except GA in Philly 1774
• No independence yet rather protect rights and
  liberties
• Passed
• Suffolk Resolves reject intolerable acts with
  military preparations and boycotts
• Declaration of the rights and grievances
  petitioning king to make right colonial
  grievances
• Create an Association in each town to enforce and
  organize the Suffolk Resolves
• Second Continental Congress to meet

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Road to War

• Lexington and Concord April 1775
• Bunker Hill 1775 near Boston Brits took the
  hill but suffered more casualties
• Second Continental Congress May 1775 question
  of independence
• Military action Causes and Necessities for
  Taking Up Arms Washing to be commander
• Peace efforts Olive Branch Petition

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The rebels were still looking for the masterpiece
of propaganda that would rally colonists
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Guess who comes on the scene .
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RIGHT!
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They got it in Common Sense
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In a nation of 2 million, most of whom couldn't
read, it sold more than 100,000 copies in its
first three months
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(about the same as selling 13 million compact
discs today).
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Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of
Independence
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With the document's signing on July 4, 1776, the
Revolutionary War officially began.
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Continental Army (as opposed to local militias)
had trouble recruiting good soldiers
Recruited blacks, and up to 5,000 fought on the
side of the rebels (in return, most of those who
had been slaves were granted their freedom)
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Franco-American Alliance
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Helped the colonists considerably. Ultimately,
the colonists won a war of attrition
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Patriots

• African Americans fought on both sides (5000
  patriots)
• Loyalists Tories 60,000 fought and died next
  to the british.
• Numbered from 500,000 to 750,000 (20-30) of pop

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Yorktown Cornwallis The Treaty of Paris, signed
at the end of 1782, granted the United States
independence and generous territorial rights.
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CREATING A FUNCTIONING GOVERNMENT (1776-1800)
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THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
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As soon as the Declaration of Independence was
signed, states began writing their own
constitutions
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In 1777 the Continental Congress sent the
Articles of Confederation, the first national
constitution, to the colonies for ratification
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FLAWS
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It did not give the national government the power
to tax or to regulate trade
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Amendments to the articles required the unanimous
consent of all the states
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Other Problems
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Women and blacks had made sacrifices in the fight
for liberation, and some expected at least a
degree of compensation
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In 1787 an army of 1,500 farmers marched on
Boston to protest a number of unfair policies,
both economic and political.
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They were armed and very angry, and they gave the
elite class the wake-up call that the revolution
might not be over yet. Shays' Rebellion helped
convince some that a stronger central government
was necessary
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Northwest Ordinance of 1787 contained a bill of
rights, abolished slavery in the Northwest
territories
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A NEW CONSTITUTION
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The Virginia Plan, largely the brainchild of
James Madison, called for an entirely new
government based on the principle of checks and
balances.
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Only three of the 42 delegates refused to sign
the finished document (two because it did not
include a bill of rights)
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Opposition forces portrayed the federal
government under the Constitution as an
all-powerful beast
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Anti-Federalists, were particularly appalled by
the absence of a bill of rights
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Federalist position was forcefully and
persuasively argued in the Federalist Papers,
anonymously authored by James Madison, Alexander
Hamilton, and John Jay
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The Constitution went into effect in 1789 the
Bill of Rights was added in 1791.