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History of sport

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History of sport The Colonial Era: Women and Traditional Sports and Games About 1600, before Europeans colonized the land that would become the United States, the ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: History of sport


1
History of sport
2
  • History of sport is probably as old as the
    existence of people.
  • Sport has been a useful way for people to
    increase their mastery of nature and the
    environment.
  • The history of sport can teach us a great deal
    about social changes and about the nature of
    sport itself.

3
  • Sport seems to involve basic human skills being
    developed and exercised for their own sake, in
    parallel with being exercised for their
    usefulness.

4
Examples of skills which have become sports
  • Gladiators in Rome fought and killed for the
    delectation of the audience, rather than to
    protect the Empire.
  • Yachting is the travel across water for enjoyment
    or competition rather than for transport or
    commerce
  • Running is done on a course for a fixed length of
    time or distance, rather than simply to catch a
    bus.

5
  • Stone-age drawings were discovered in the Libyan
    desert depicting among other activities, swimming
    and archery.
  • The art itself is an example of interest in
    skills unrelated to the functional tasks of
    staying alive, and is itself evidence of there
    being leisure time available.

6
  • It also depicts other non-functional activities
    such as ritual etc.
  • Therefore, although there is scant direct
    evidence of sport from these sources, it is
    reasonable to extrapolate that there was some
    activity at these times resembling sport.

7
  • Captain Cook, when he first visited the Hawaiian
    Islands, in 1778, reported on the native people
    surfing.
  • The native American Indians engaged in games and
    sports before the coming of Europeans, such as
    lacrosse type ball games, running, and other
    athletic activities.

8
  • The ancient Mayan and Aztec civilizations played
    serious ballgames. The courts used at that time
    are still used today.
  • Individual sports, such as wrestling and archery,
    have been practiced worldwide since ancient times.

9
  • Sport has been increasingly organized and
    regulated from the time of the Ancient Olympics
    up to the present century.
  • Activities necessary for food and survival became
    regulated activities done for pleasure or
    competition on an increasing scale, e.g. hunting,
    fishing, horticulture.

10
Ancient China
  • There are artifacts and structures which suggest
    that Chinese people engaged in activities which
    meet our definition of sport as early as 4000
    years BC.
  • The origin and development of China's sports
    activities seem to have been closely related to
    the production, work, war and entertainment of
    the time.

11
Ancient China
  • Gymnastics appears to have been a popular sport
    in China's past. It certainly remains so today,
    as the skill of Chinese acrobats is
    internationally recognized.
  • Any other reason they are excellent in acrobatic
    endeavors?

12
Ancient Egypt
  • Monuments to the Pharaohs indicate that a range
    of sports were well developed and regulated
    several thousands of years ago, including
    swimming and fishing.
  • This is not surprising perhaps given the
    importance of the Nile in the life of Egypt.

13
Ancient Egypt
  • Other sports included javelin throwing, high jump
    and wrestling.
  • Again, the nature of the sports popular at the
    time suggests close correspondence with everyday
    non-sporting activities.

14
Ancient Greece
  • A wide range of sports were already in operation
    at the time of the Ancient Greek Empire.
  • Wrestling, running, boxing, javelin, discus
    throwing, and chariot racing were prevalent.
  • This suggests that the military culture of Greece
    was an influence on the development of its
    sports.

15
Ancient Greece
  • The Olympic games were held every four years in
    Ancient Greece.
  • The games were held not simply as a sporting
    event, but as a celebration of individual
    excellence, cultural and artistic variety, and a
    showplace for architectural and sculptural
    innovation.

16
Modern history of sport
  • The Industrial Revolution and mass production
    brought increased leisure which allowed increases
    in spectator sports, less elitism in sports, and
    greater accessibility.
  • With the advent of mass media and global
    communication, professionalism became prevalent
    in sports.

17
  • This furthered sports popularity in general.
  • Perhaps in a reaction to the demands of
    contemporary life, there have been developments
    in sport which are best described as post-modern
    extreme ironing being a notable example.

18
  • There is also a move towards adventure sports as
    a form of escaping or transcending the routines
    of life, examples being white water rafting,
    canyoning, BASE jumping, and more genteelly,
    orienteering.

19
History of Sport in America
20
Topical Outline
  • Reason for study of sport history
  • Pre-Colonial America
  • Colonial America
  • Technological and Industrial revolutions
  • Post Civil War
  • The 20th Century
  • Summary

21
Why is the History of Sport Important?
  • To truly understand the sociology of sport, it is
    first important to understand the history of
    sport.
  • How sport was developed
  • How sport was affected by the historical,
    cultural and social traditions of the time period

22
Pre-Colonial America
  • Population spread widely across the country
  • Physical Activity and games were very important,
    and often linked to spiritual beliefs
  • Common Sports lacrosse, archery, running
  • Staying fit was very important

23
Colonial America (1600s-1800s)
  • Religion (Puritanism)
  • Hard work (to stay alive, and for religious
    purposes)
  • Sport was most prevalent in remote areas
  • Sport mirrored the challenges of the times and
    region
  • horse racing, shooting, cockfighting

24
Industrial Revolution (1800s)
  • Factories developed
  • Population moved into the city
  • New recreation needed
  • More time and money available
  • Horse racing still popular

25
Technological and Industrial Revolutions (late
1700s- 1861)
  • Increased technology
  • Increased recreation time because production was
    faster
  • People moved to cities
  • Travel was faster and easier
  • 18th century, boat, horse and walking
  • Steam engine (1807) for boats and railroad
  • Very important for organized sports

26
Technological and Industrial Revolutions (late
1700s- 1861) (cont)
  • Population expands west
  • Big companies are formed
  • Immigrants brought their own sports
  • Modern spectator sports rise (boxing, running,
    horse racing)

27
Post Civil War (1865-1900)
  • Civil War slowed sporting activities
  • Even more movement towards cities
  • More time and money available
  • New working structure was seen as femanizing
    society (make it soft).
  • Sports helped to masculinize society

28
Post Civil War (1865-1900) (Cont)
  • Sport became very class specific
  • Upper class tried to exclude lower classes
  • Different sports adopted by different classes,
    African Americans no longer accepted in sport
  • Rise of Intercollegiate Athletics
  • First event in 1852, many events 1870s
  • Society became highly attached to the sport
    industry

29
Post Civil War (1865-1900) (Cont)
  • Corporate involvement in sport
  • Lots of money for sport and fitness

30
The 20th Century
  • Period of dramatic sport growth
  • Corporate Sport and health push
  • More spent on sports equipment than by all
    schools
  • Improved Equipment
  • Social Involvement
  • Part of educational system

31
Major Factors Affecting Sport
  • In your mind, what was the major factor affecting
    sport during each of the following periods?
  • Pre-Colonial America
  • Colonial America
  • Technological and Industrial revolutions
  • Post Civil War
  • The 20th Century

32
Women's roles in sports
  • Women's experiences in the sporting life of the
    United States defy neat historical
    generalizations.
  • In part this is because women never constituted a
    single group, and their behaviors and attitudes
    never conformed to a single general pattern.

33
Women's roles in sports
  • The evolution of womens role in sport in the
    United States can be divided into three major
    periods the colonial era, the transitional
    nineteenth century, and the age of modern sports.

34
The Colonial Era Women and Traditional Sports
and Games
  • About 1600, before Europeans colonized the land
    that would become the United States, the earliest
    American sportswomen were Native Americans
  • Sports and other displays of physical prowess
    were embedded in the rhythms and relations of
    ordinary life.

35
The Colonial Era Women and Traditional Sports
and Games
  • Religious ceremonies, for example, called on
    women, and men, to dance for hours at a time,
    while rites of passage from maidenhood to
    womanhood included physical displays and tests.
  • Ball games occurred in the context of women's
    daily tasks, and the outcomes could affect one's
    place in the family or the village.

36
Mid-17th century
  • On warm summer days in New England, husbands and
    wives fished and sailed on the numerous
    waterways.
  • Towns like Boston, Providence, and Hartford
    offered an even broader variety of sports and
    recreations, ranging from dances to races to fist
    fights.

37
Mid-17th century
  • By the early eighteenth century, emerging cities
    were sites for public, commercial, and physical
    displays, including tightrope dancing by women
    and men.

38
The Nineteenth Century Domesticity
  • The pursuit of active sports by women was not to
    persist, however.
  • During the second half of the eighteenth century,
    a series of complex changes altered gender roles
    and relations.
  • Enlightenment ideology and the emergent
    capitalist economy combined to redefine women's
    place, to move them into the home and away from
    public activity, and to emphasize biological
    differences (from men) as grounds for keeping
    them there.

39
The Nineteenth Century Domesticity
  • During the first half of the nineteenth century,
    perceptions and real experiences suggested to
    some people that the health of middle- and
    upper-class women in urbanizing areas was
    declining.
  • Educators, doctors, and writers of popular
    magazine articles responded with analyses and
    prescriptions for improving women's health,
    including calls for renewed physical exertion via
    exercises and games.

40
The Nineteenth Century Domesticity
  • The logic of the health literature was simple if
    women were to fulfill their roles as caretakers
    of families, they needed to maintain their
    physical and mental health.
  • People such as Catharine Beecher and Mary Lyons
    argued for the physical education of women,
    started schools, and laid out regimens of
    calisthenics, domestic exercises (e.g.,
    sweeping), and traditional activities such as
    walking and riding.

41
The Nineteenth Century Domesticity
  • An even more significant challenge to the nearly
    century-old ideology that placed women in the
    home and in subservience to men came in the form
    of a machine, the bicycle.
  • Invented in Europe in the early 19th century,
    early versions of the bicycle had appeared in
    various forms and had become the object of
    short-lived fads through the 1860s.

42
The Nineteenth Century Domesticity
  • Then came the invention of the ordinary (one
    large and one small wheel) and, subsequently, the
    safety cycle, and the latter especially
    appealed to women.
  • Bicycle riding, and even some racing, became
    popular, and the practice afforded women with a
    means of physical mobility and freedom that they
    had not known for generations.

43
Impact of war on sports
  • After 1941 more and more women took jobs that had
    once belonged to the men who went abroad to
    fight.
  • Even professional baseball opened its doors to
    women via the All-American Girls Baseball League
    financed by Philip Wrigley of chewing gum and
    Chicago Cubs fame.
  • Now famous in part because of the movie, A League
    of Their Own, the All-American Girls Baseball
    League began play in 1943 in mid-size cities in
    the Great Lakes region.

44
African-American women and sports
  • In the 1940s as well, an even more significant
    movement developed in African American colleges.
  • Track and field teams were training at places
    such as Tuskegee Institute and Tennessee State,
    and these colleges would produce the athletes
    that would integrate U.S. women's Olympic teams
    and revolutionize the contests and the records.

45
African-American women and sports
  • By the early 1960s African-American athletes such
    as Wilma Rudolph ran record-pace after
    record-pace, opening doors for other black women
    and paving the way for Jackie Joyner-Kersee and
    Florence Griffith Joyner, among numerous others.

46
Effects of title IX
  • Legislation that made colleges (that accepted
    federal funds) have to offer the same amount of
    sports teams for women as there are for men
    (1972).
  • How many sports leagues for women are out there
    now?

47
Conclusion
  • There has been a dynamic and continuing growth of
    women's sports since the late 1960s.
  • Triathlons, marathons, soccer, aerobics,
    weightlifting, rugby, skiing, two professional
    basketball leagues (although one folded in late
    1998), athletic clubs, and even cheerleading are
    among the many sports available to women, none of
    which existed a century ago and few of which
    existed a generation earlier.

48
Conclusion
  • What remains unknown is the full impact of the
    generation of women who are now maturing and who
    grew up with opportunities that their mothers and
    grandmothers never dreamed of.
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