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Scientific and Technological Innovations in
Agriculture in Moldova National Experience "

• The international workshop on cooperation in
  science and innovations
• 28th February 1st March 2013,
• New Delhi, India
• Valentina Fetiniuc,Moldova
• Tudor Lupascu, Moldova

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General country overview

• Area 33,800 km2
• Population 3.58 million
• Capital Chisinau - 717,000 citizens
• National Legislature Unicameral assembly
• National currency Moldavian Leu (MDL)

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The major condition for RM to pass to the new
economy, based on knowledge is

• innovations model economic development
  transforming innovations and innovation activity
  into the major social-economic development
  factor of Republic of Moldova
• It assumes as practical realization of the
  complex approach to creation of innovative
  structures, and mechanisms of interaction of
  science, formation, small innovative business,
  the large industrial corporations, and
  corresponding financial institutions.

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The innovative development process in Moldova

• Agricultural Sector in the Republic of Moldova is
  one of the leading sectors in economy (8-10 of
  GDP)
• Innovation activity in Agro industrial Complex of
  RM a management of complex natural and economic
  systems, process of new technologies, chemical
  and biological agents developments
• Innovations in agro industrial complex -
  implementation of research and development in the
  form of new varieties, breeds and species of
  animals and poultry, new or improved food
  products, materials and technologies in crop
  production, livestock and processing industries,
  fertilizers and protection for plants and
  animals, etc.

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Applied technological researches in AIC of
Moldova are developed in the following
directions

• agriculture, land amelioration, water and
  forestry
• crop and plant protection
• livestock and veterinary medicine
• mechanization, electrification and automation of
  production
• storage and processing of agricultural products.

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• Improvement of water potabilization technologies
• of ground and underground waters
• Lupashcu Tudor, Ciobanu Mihail,
• Rusnac Arcadie, Botsan Victor
• Institute of Chemistry of ASM, S.A. Apa-Canal
  Chisinau
• E-mail lupascut_at_gmail.com

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• The paper presents scientific results related to
  the establishment of water disinfection processes
  for Nistru River and highlights their
  effectiveness, using chlorine dioxide and sodium
  hypochlorite as disinfectants.
• It was established that from ecological and
  economical points of view, the most effective
  method of disinfection is the use of sodium
  hypochlorite.

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• New catalysts have been synthesized based on
  carbon and mineral sorbents.
• The obtained catalysts were tested as solid
  supports to remove hydrogen sulfide from
  groundwater through aeration and oxidation
  processes.
• It was established that carbonic adsorbents made
  ??from nut shells and peach stones, oxidized and
  impregnated with ions of Cu2, Mn2 and Fe3 show
  enhanced properties in the processes of oxidation
  and adsorption of hydrogen sulfide ions.
• Among mineral catalysts, the most prominent
  regarding the oxidation and adsorption capacity
  of hydrogen sulfide are solid media obtained by
  intercalation with aluminum oligomers and
  modified with manganese salts.

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• The centralized networks of drinking water supply
  in Republic of Moldova require the resizing of
  national strategy within this domain of activity
• It is based on both extensive principles of
  increase water uptake in the Nistru, Prut and
  Danube rivers and the increase of water
  abstraction from deep underground aquifers
  horizons on one hand, and based on intensive
  principles of the water potabilization
  technologies betterment, making more efficient
  the use of new reactive generation, on the other
  hand.
• The studies that were done open new possibilities
  for the improvement of ground and underground
  water potabilization technologies in Republic of
  Moldova, assuring the sanitation and human health
  norms.

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• Nowadays, 67 of the population of Republic of
  Moldova is using potable water from the
  centralized systems.
• According to the forecasts, the water volume
  dispensed by centralized water systems is about
  130 liters man/day, for townsman is about 275
  liters man/day.
• There are regions where water supply is
  insignificant. One person from Vulcanesti gets 64
  liters of water per day.
• The problem of potable water supply is still
  severe for the population and national economy
  that is caused by the irregular distribution of
  water sources on the territory of Republic of
  Moldova and by the poor water quality.
• Water pipes, sewages and the water treatment
  system require important financial and material
  resources.

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• The researches were aimed to improve
  technological process of ground and underground
  water potabilization of the country.
• The researches were oriented to remark the
  efficiency of new disinfectants in order to
  substitute chemicals presently used for the
  ground water treatments as primarily of liquid
  chlorine.
• The usage of chlorine for the disinfection of
  drinkable water involves serious security
  measures of transportation, storage and
  installations operation.
• In the case of emergency situations (earthquake,
  fire) increases the risk of producing the
  chlorine gas emissions within the space with
  environment pollution and mass population
  intoxication.
• There were made scientific researches for the
  procedures for hydrogen sulphide and sulphide
  removal from groundwater by physical,
  physicochemical methods.

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• Scientific research was done at the Treatment
  water station of the Nistru River in Chisinau.
• There were used as disinfectants liquid chlorine
  as well as chlorine dioxide and sodium
  hypochlorite.
• The study of hydrogen sulfide and sulfides
  removal processes from underground waters in
  semi-pilot conditions was done at the Ecologic
  Chemistry Lab of Chemistry Institute of Academy
  of Sciences of Moldova.
• Thus, it was used active carbon CAN-8, derived
  from nut shells activated with water vapors,
  modified with Mn2 and Fe3 ions.
• The saturation process of active carbon CAN-8
  with ions of Mn2 and Fe3 was realized by using
  concerned chlorides in equimolar ratio, after
  what it was washed with distilled water and dried
  at 1050C to get constant mass.
• There were taken 10 liters of underground water
  from the Hincesti well No. 1, 20 grams of active
  carbon CAN-8 Mn2 Fe3 and this content was
  bubbled with air (400L/h).

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Feasibility study results of the usage of
different chemicals for the water disinfection
process are presented below
Characteristics Chlorine Chlorine Dioxide 0,3, ClO2 (TwinOxide) Sodium Hypochlorite solution 0,8 Na?Cl Sodium Hypochlorite. Solution 190 gr/m3 (transportation variant from manufacturing plant)
1 2 3 4 5
Station Productivity, m3/day 333000 333000 333000 333000
Reagent Doze 3,2 g/m3 0,017 l/m3 0,4 l/ m3 recalculated for Na?Cl - 0,8 0,034 l/m3 recalculate for Na?Cl-190 g/m3 (with losses of- 95 g/m3)
Reagent consume per hour 44,0 kg 229 l/h 5500 l 467 l
Reagent cost price, year 4167240 lei 66231000 lei (4014000 euro)   13104000 lei
Electricity consumption, 24 h 1200 kW h 100 kW h 6336 kW h 200 kW h
Transportation, year 300000 lei 50000 lei 100000 lei 3200000 lei
Exploration for 7 years 41061258lei 464205378 lei 29976436 lei 114604763 lei
Reagent price cost, year 4167240 lei 66231000 lei (4014000 euro)   13104 000 lei
Electricity consumption, 24 h 1200 kW h 100 kW h 6336 kW h 200 kW h
Transportation, year 300000 lei 50000 lei 100000 lei 3200000 lei
Exploration 7 years 41061258 lei 464205378 lei 29976436 lei 114604763 lei
Capital expenses 467330000 lei 5715000 lei 43922500 lei 11150000 lei
Design work 500000 lei 165000 lei (10000 euro) 1072500 lei (65000 euro) 300000 lei
Cost for basic equipment 1 980000 lei (120000 euro) 500000 lei (30000 euro) 33000000 lei (2000000euro) 1 000000 lei (60000 euro)
Total expenses for the exploitation guaranteed period 508391258 lei 469920378 lei 73898936 lei 125754763 lei
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Water quality indicators before and after sodium
hypochlorite solution treatment (Nistru river,
may 2010)
Nr. Indicator Unit of measure Related normative document Index value Index value Index value
Nr. Indicator Unit of measure Related normative document Before treatment After treatment MAC Value
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1. Turbidity Turbidity unit GOST 3351-74 1,5 0,50 5
2. pH pH unit CAER M87 8,05 7,80 6,5 ... 9,5
3. Smell 200C/600C points GOST 3351-74 1/2 Consumer acceptable and no strange changes Consumer acceptable and no strange changes
4. Taste   GOST 3351-74 - Consumer acceptable and no strange changes Consumer acceptable and no strange changes
5. Color Grade GOST 3351-74 20 Consumer acceptable and no strange changes Consumer acceptable and no strange changes
6. Free residual chlorine Mg/ dm3 GOST 18190-72 - 0,44 0,5
7. Ammonia and ammonium ions Mg/dm3 GOST 4192-82. p. 3. 0,05 lt 0,05 0,50
8. Nitrites Mg/dm3 GOST 4192-82, p.4. 0,01 lt 0,003 0.50
9. Nitrates Mg/dm3 GOST 18826-73, 7,4 7,4 50
10. Total Hardness German degrees GOST 4151-72 10,9 10,9 5,0
11. Chlorides Mg/dm3 GOST 4245-72 26,1 29,1 250
12. Iron Mg/dm3 GOST 4011-2,p.2 0,07 0,05 0,3
13. Residuum fix Mg/dm3 GOST18164-72, p.3 302,5 301,5 1500
14. Sulfates Mg/dm3 GOST 4389-72 74,7 74,3 500
15. Fluorine Mg/dm3 GOST 4316-81 0,17 0,17 1,5
16. Aluminum µg/ l GOST 18165-89 - lt20 200
17. Arsenium µg/ l GOST 4152-81 lt5 lt5 10
18. Manganese µg/ l GOST 4974-72 lt10 lt10 50
19. Copper Mg/dm3 GOST 4388-72 lt0,02 lt0,02 1,0
20. Flocculent stuck µg/ l ??? 2 - lt10 lt10
21. Coliform bacteria nr/100 ml ??? 4.2.1018-01 28 0 0
22. General microbial population NBC/dm3 GOST 18963-73 20 No strange changes No strange changes
23. Oxidizable organic substances MgO2/dm3 CAER, Moscow,1987, p.692. 2,16 1,68 5
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• Analysis of results presented in table nr.2 shows
  that the water quality indicators after the
  treatment with 0,8 sodium hypochlorite solution
  respects the norms of State Standard of domain.
• Kinetics of hydrogen sulfide elimination process
  is presented in cycles in figure nr.1.
• The efficiency of carbon adsorbent
  (CAN-8Mn2Fe3) was evaluated during 3 cycles,
  throughout the elimination process of hydrogen
  sulfide by physic- chemical method (aeration
  oxidation -adsorption).
• Thus, it was evaluated during 3 cycles, after
  about 20-30 minutes of water treatment was
  registered total elimination of hydrogen sulfide
  (fig. 1)

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• It is notable the change of ion concentration of
  sulfates - produced by oxidation of hydrogen
  sulfide in cycles. These data are presented in
  the table

Original Original CAN-8 Mn2 Fe3 bubbling with air CAN-8 Mn2 Fe3 bubbling with air CAN-8 Mn2 Fe3 bubbling with air
Original Original Cycle I Cycle II Cycle III
The concentration of sulfate ions, mg/L 10 18 16 14
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• Data presented in fig.1 and table 3 shows that
  only the first cycle takes place with maximum
  efficiency both in terms of kinetics hydrogen
  sulfide removal from water and oxidation process
  of hydrogen sulphide to sulphates.
• The catalytic activity of modified carbon
  decreases while the number of cycles increases
  during the experiment.
• This is because more to the point of the
  oxidation process of hydrogen sulfide to sulfates
  there takes place the oxidation process of
  hydrogen sulfide to sulfur colloid.
• Thus, it makes possible the change of structure
  parameters of active carbon saturated with iron
  and manganese ions

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• The table nr. 4 presents the original and after
  3 cycles CAN-8 Mn2 Fe3 active carbon
  structure parameters, which were reached by
  nitrogen isotherms adsorption at Autosorb nr.1
  plant.
• Data from the Table 4 show that all the structure
  parameters of adsorbent (catalyst) is reduced
  significantly after 3 cycles of use.
• It is important that the volume of micro-pores
  is reduced that signifies that perhaps the by the
  oxidation is still forming colloidal sulfur.
• The area surface of the adsorbent is reduced
  after 3 cycles then the process takes place due
  to the adsorption of humic acids in studied
  water.
• The humic acids cannot be absorbed in micro-pores
  because of too large size of their molecules.

CAN-8 Mn2 Fe3original CAN-8 Mn2 Fe3original CAN-8 Mn2 Fe3original CAN-8 Mn2 Fe3original CAN-8 Mn2 Fe3after 3 cycles CAN-8 Mn2 Fe3after 3 cycles CAN-8 Mn2 Fe3after 3 cycles CAN-8 Mn2 Fe3after 3 cycles
S specific, m2/g V of pores, cm3/g V micropores, cm3/g V summ. cm3/g S specific,m2/g V pores, cm3/g V micropres, cm3/g V summ. cm3/g
1001 0,521 0,292 0,594 727 0,358 0,225 0,405
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• Conclusions
• The use of sodium hypochlorite for the
  technologic processes of water treatment ensures
  a good disinfection, according to the drinkable
  water norms. The presented technology is feasible
  from the economic point of view as well.
• The effectiveness of adsorbent carbon (CAN-8
  Mn2 Fe3 ) in the process of hydrogen sulfide
  removal, by physicochemical method
  (aeration-oxidation - adsorption) was evaluated
  in semi-pilot conditions using underground water.
  It was proved that after about 20-30 min of the
  water treatment, the total elimination of
  hydrogen sulfide is recorded.
• The specific surface of active carbons and the
  volume of micro-pores during the potabilization
  process are getting smaller. This can be
  explained by the fact that during the
  potabilization process of contaminated waters by
  hydrogen sulphide and colloid sulphide sulfur the
  pores of carbonic adsorbents are blocked.

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Food industry
The approval of high category seeds for the new
varieties of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum
Mill.)
Innovative technology for cultivation of the
aromatic-spicy varieties of species needed for
the production of salt and flavored food oil
High category seeds of sorghum with a comestible
grain SORIZ
Clean technologies for fish cooking
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Food industry
Keeping the pure horticultural products in a
controlled atmosphere
Apples drying technology
Jams of fruit and berries with a low sugar
component and increased biological value
Bio-humus production by controlling and
regulating the thermal conditions of the
technological process and its application in
agriculture
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• Thank you for your attention!
• lupascut_at_gmail.com
• valentinafetiniuc_at_yahoo.com