Intigrated Fish Farming

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• New Avenue of Earning from
• Integrated Fish Farming
• Anupam Bandyopadhyay and Sanjib Bose
• Sreegopal Banerjee College
• Bagati, Magra, Hooghly

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Integrated Fish Farming

• The principle of integrated fish farming involves
  farming of fish along with livestock or/and
  agricultural crops.
• This type of farming offers great efficiency in
  resource utilization, as waste or byproduct from
  one system is effectively recycled. 
• It also enables effective utilization of
  available farming space for maximizing
  production.
• The rising cost of protein-rich fish food and
  chemical fertilizers as well as the general
  concern for energy conservation have created
  awareness in the utilization of rice and other
  crop fields and livestock wastes for fish
  culture. 
• Fish culture in combination with agriculture or
  livestock is a unique and lucrative venture and
  provides a higher farm income, makes available a
  cheap source of protein for the rural population,
  increases productivity on small land-holdings and
  increases the supply of feeds for the farm
  livestock.

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Scope of Integrated Fish Farming

• The scope of integrated farming is considerably
  wide.
• Ducks and geese are raised in pond, and
  pond-dykes are used for horticultural and
  agricultural crop products and animal rearing.
• The system provides meat, milk, eggs, fruits,
  vegetables, mushroom, fodder and grains, in
  addition to fish.
• Hence this system provides better production,
  provides more employment, and improves
  socio-economic status of farmers and betterment
  of rural economy.

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Classification of Integrated Fish Farming

• Integrated fish farming can be broadly classified
  into two, namely Agriculture-fish and
  Livestock-fish systems.
• Agri-based systems include rice-fish integration,
  horticulture-fish system, mushroom-fish system,
  seri-fish system.
• Livestock-fish system includes cattle-fish
  system, pig-fish system, poultry-fish system,
  duck-fish system, goat-fish system, rabbit-fish
  system.

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Rice Fish Integrated System

• For the culture of fish in combination with rice,
  varieties such as Panidhan, Tulsi, CR260 77, ADT
  6, ADT 7, Rajarajan and Pattambi 15 and 16 are
  suitable.
• These varieties not only possess strong root
  systems but also are also capable of withstanding
  flooded conditions.
• They have a life span of 180 days and fish
  culture is possible for about four to five months
  after their transplantation.
• Harvesting is done when fish attain marketable
  size.
• Fish culture in rice fields may be attempted in
  two ways, viz. simultaneous culture and rotation
  culture. In the former, rice and fish are
  cultivated together and in the latter fish and
  rice are cultivated alternately.

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Horticulture Fish Integrated System

• The top, inner and outer dykes of ponds as well
  as adjoining areas can be best utilized for
  horticulture crops.
• Pond water is used for irrigation and silt, which
  is a high-quality manure is used for crops,
  vegetables and fruit bearing plants. 
• The success of the system depends on the
  selection of plants. They should be of dwarf
  type, less shady, evergreen, seasonal and highly
  remunerative.
• Dwarf variety fruit bearing plants like mango,
  banana, papaya, coconut and lime are suitable,
  while pineapple, ginger, turmeric, chilli are
  grown as intercrops.
• Plantation of flower bearing plants like
  tuberose, rose, jasmine, gladiolus, marigold and
  chrysanthemum provide additional income to
  farmers.

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Sericulture Fish Integrated System

• In this integration, mulberry is the producer
  silkworm is the first consumer while fish is the
  secondary consumer, ingesting silkworm faeces
  directly.
• Inorganic nutrient in the silkworm faeces are
  utilized by phytoplankton, and filter-feeding
  fish in turn consumes heterotrophic bacteria.
• The optimum range of temperature and humidity is
  15-32oC and 50-90 respectively.
• The seri-fish system provides linkages between
  mulberry and pond sub-system.
• Harvested mulberry leaves are fed to silkworm and
  the waste material obtained from silkworm rearing
  enters fish-pond as a mixture of mulberry leaves
  and silkworm excrement. 

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Duck-Fish Integrated System

• Duck-fish integration is the most common
  integration in China, Hungary, Germany, Poland,
  Russia and some parts of India.
• A fish-pond being a semi-closed biological system
  with several aquatic animals and plants, provide
  excellent disease-free environment for ducks. In
  return ducks consume juvenile frogs, tadpoles and
  dragonfly, thus making a safe environment for
  fish.
• Duck dropping goes directly in pond, which in
  turn provide essential nutrients to stimulate
  growth of natural food.
• This has two advantages, there is no loss of
  energy and fertilization is homogeneous.
• This integrated farming has been followed in West
  Bengal, Assam, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra
  Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Tripura and Karnataka.
  Most commonly used breed for this system in India
  is the Indian runners.

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Chicken-Fish Integrated System

• The droppings of chicks rich in nitrogen and
  phosphorus would fertilise fishponds.
• Poultry housing, when constructed above the water
  level using bamboo poles would fertilise
  fishponds directly. This system utilizes poultry
  droppings for fish culture.
• Production levels of 4500-5000 kg/fish/ha could
  be obtained by recycling pond manure into
  fishponds.
• Broiler production provides good and immediate
  returns to farmers. Procurement of quality
  chicks, housing, brooding, feeding and disease
  management are important for this type of system.
  
• In fish poultry integration, birds housed under
  intensive system are considered best.
• Birds are kept in confinement with no access to
  outside.
• Deep litter is well suited for this type of
  farming. About 6-8 cm thick layer prepared from
  chopped straw, dry leaves, saw dust or groundnut
  shell is sufficient.

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Pig-Fish Integrated System

• This system of integration is very common in
  China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia and
  Hungary.
• Pigs are fed largely on kitchen waste, aquatic
  plants and crop wastes.
• The waste produced by 30-35 pigs is equivalent to
  1 tonne of ammonium sulphate.
• Exotic breeds such have White Yorkshire, Landrace
  and Hampshire are reared in pig-sty near the fish
  pond.
• A floor space of 3-4 m2 is provided and boars,
  sows and finish stocks are housed separately.
• Maize, groundnut, wheat-bran, fishmeal, mineral
  mixes are provided as concentrate feed-mixture.

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Mushroom Fish Integrated System

• Cultivation of edible mushroom in India is quite
  recent.
• Three types of mushrooms being commercially
  cultivated in India are Agaricus
  bisporus, Voloriella spp. and Pleurotus spp.,
  commonly known as European button, paddy straw
  and oyster mushroom.
• Mushroom cultivation requires high degree of
  humidity and therefore its cultivation along with
  aquaculture tremendous scope.
• Method of cultivation involves use of dried
  paddy-straw chopped into 1.2 cm bits, soaked in
  water overnight. Excess water is drained off.
  Horsegram powder (8 g/kg straw) and spawn (30
  g/kg straw) is added and mixed with wet straw in
  alternating layers. Perforated polythene bags are
  filled with substrate and kept in room at
  21o-35oC with required light and ventilation.
• The mycelial growth occurs within 11-14 days.
• Polythene bags are cut open at this stage, water
  is sprayed twice a day and in a few days mushroom
  crop becomes ready for harvest.
• The paddy-straw after mushroom cultivation is
  utilized for cattle feeding.

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Cattle Fish Integrated System

• A large population of cows and buffaloes exists
  in the country which plays a vital role in the
  national economy.
• Fish farming can become more production-oriented
  if integrated with cattle farming.
• Cattle are allowed to graze on pond banks and
  grassy areas in the vicinity and manure is either
  collected or washed directly from the cattle
  sheds into the ponds.
• It has been proved that in the composite fish
  culture (rohu, mori, thaila and 3 Chinese carps)
  when the ponds are manured with cowdung _at_ 15,000
  kg/ha/year, an excellent yield of 5,000 kg
  fish/ha/year can be obtained.
• Fertilization of nurseries and rearing ponds with
  cowdung is a widespread practice in Pakistan.
• However, there is a strong need to standardize
  the number of animals required to provide manure
  per unit area of fish ponds.
• It has been estimated that fresh cowdung manure
  voided by two cows is sufficient to fertilize one
  ha of pond area.

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Ecosystem of Integrated Fish Farming

• Integrated fish farming system works in following
  way
• Trapping of solar energy and production of
  organic matter by primary producers.
• Utilization of primary producers by phagotrophs
  or tertiary consumers.
• Decomposition of primary producers and
  phagotrophs by saprotrophs or osmotrophs.
• Release of nutrients for producers.
• The animal waste in water body enter into the
  food chain in three different ways
• Feed Certain bottom feeders like Cyprinus carpio
  and Cirrhinus mrigala directly utilized the
  organic particles which are generally coated with
  bacteria along with other material.
• Autotrophic production Some of the decomposed
  portion of waste products provides nutrients for
  the micro-flora (autotrophs), while
  non-mineralised portion provides food base for
  bacteria and protozoa (heterotrophs).
  Temperature, light, micro and macroflora,
  inorganic nutrients, carbon, phosphorous and
  nitrogen are the basic inputs required for
  photosynthesis process.
• Heterotrophic production
• Micro fauna (zooplankton) feed on small manure
  particles coated with bacteria. In the process,
  bacteria is digested while rest is excreted. In
  this heterotrophic production system
• micro fauna (protozoans and zooplanktons) are
  produced finally shortening food chain. This
• system of production is not linked with the
  process of photosynthesis.

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Advantages of Fish farming systems

• Fish provides high quality animal protein for
  human consumption.
• A farmer can often integrate fish farming into
  the existing farm to create additional income and
  improve its water management.
• Fish growth in ponds can be controlled the
  farmers themselves select the fish species they
  wish to raise.
• The fish produced in a pond are the owner's
  property they are secure and can be harvested at
  will.
• Effective land use effective use of marginal
  land e.g. land that is too poor, or too costly to
  drain for agriculture can be profitably devoted
  to fish farming provided that it is suitably
  prepared.

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Advantages of Integrated Fish Farming Systems

• Integrated fish farming systems utilise the waste
  of live stock, poultry and agriculture byproducts
  for fish production. About 40-50 kg of organic
  manure can produce 1 kg of fish.
• Fish farms having an integration with mulberry
  cultivation, sericulture and silk extraction from
  cocoons allow the pupae to be utilised fish feed
  and the worm faeces and wastewater from the
  processing factory to be used as pond
  fertilisers.
• Pond silt can be used as fertiliser for fodder
  crops which in turn can be used to raise
  live-stock and poultry or as fish feed.
• Thus a recycling of waste is done in integrated
  fish farming system.
• The scope of integration in a fish farm is
  considerably wide.
• Ducks and geese may be raised on the pond, pond
  dykes may be used for fruit plants and mulberry
  cultivation or for raising pigs, cattle, and dyke
  slopes for fodder production.
• Integrated fish farming systems not only fish but
  meat, milk, eggs, fruits, vegetables, mushrooms
  etc. can be obtained. This system fully utilizes
  the water body, the water surface, the land, and
  the pond silt to increase food production for
  human consumption.

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Integrated Fish Farming in West Bengal
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Fisheries Development

• Strengths
• The State has large impounded resource of large
  number of water bodies besides a riverine system
  for fish production.
• All varieties of major and minor carps are
  cultivated besides various types of local fish
  species naturally available in the water bodies.
• Per capita consumption of fish is highest in
  world and hence high demand for production of
  fish.
• Major producer supplier of fish seed in the
  country ( 65 of countrys seed is sourced from
  West Bengal)
• Availability of good quality of spawn/seed from
  natural as well as commercial hatcheries.
• Existence of active and functional Fishermans
  cooperative societies, Fish Production Groups and
  a large number
• of Self Help Groups (SHG) all over the State
  contributing well for the growth of the fishery
  sector.
• Pro-active Fisheries Department
• Various governmental schemes and demonstration
  farms provide able support for development of
  fisheries.

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Fisheries Development..continued

• Opportunities
• The state has 2.10 lakh Ha of impounded
  brackish water resources in India, which is the
  highest in country, but only 0.48 lakh Ha have
  been developed.
• Increasing fish productivity through
  development of beels baors
• Setting up of more number of hatcheries for
  seed production in different districts/blocks.
• Integrated fish farming with agriculture,
  horticulture, dairy, poultry, offers immense
  scope for development.
• Organizing demonstration, training and
  awareness camps in the fish farmers villages for
  dissemination of advanced technology.
• Expansion of fishery activities through
  excavation of additional tanks, renovation of
  derelict tanks, desilting river beds etc.
• Promoting fish farming in canals
• Thrust on poly culture with prawns for maximum
  utilization of resources.
• Promotion of paddy cum fish farming, air
  breathing fish farming, crab fattening,
  ornamental fish culture.
• Huge scope for inland fishery activities and
  production of value added products from low cost
  fish.

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Fisheries Development..continued

• Weakness
• Large water bodies are under derelict and
  semi-derelict conditions.
• Lack of organized fish culture at village
  level.
• Shortcomings in marketing, absence of adequate
  ice plant and cold storage facilities at the
  production point.
• Inadequate bank financing in the fishery
  sector.
• Highly season specific activity.
• Inadequate demonstration and extension campaign
  at field level.

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Fisheries Development..continued

• Threats
• Drying of natural water bodies due to extensive
  use of water for irrigation and or during summer.
• High siltation restricts fish production.
• Over exploitation of fisheries resources in
  sea, especially the juvenile fishing.
• Flood, natural calamities and water pollution
  from indiscriminate use of pesticides in the
  agricultural field are big threats to pisci
  culture.

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References

• FAO.  2005-2013. Fisheries and Aquaculture
  topics. Possibilities for integrating fish
  farming into irrigation systems. Topics Fact
  Sheets. Text by Matthias Halwart. In FAO
  Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. Rome.
  Updated 27 May 2005. Cited 20 February 2013.
• Jhingran, V.G., Introduction to aquaculture.
  1987, United Nations Development Programme, Food
  and Agriculture Organization of the United
  Nations, Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and
  Marine Research.
• Frei, M. and Becker, K. (2005), Integrated
  rice-fish culture Coupled production saves
  resources. Natural Resources Forum, 29 135143.
  doi 10.1111/j.1477-8947.2005.00122.x
• A training manual on "Polyculture
  and integrated fish farming College of
   Fisheries, Assam Agricultural University, Raha -
  782103,  Nagaon, Assam, India.
• Fisheries Department, Haryana, Chandigarh, India.
• Diver Steve , 2006,AquaponicsIntegration of
  Hydroponics with Aquaculture, ATTRA
  Publication IP163
•  Khanna S. S., An introduction to Fishes 1996
• Verma. A.M., 1994. Integrated fish farming with
  Makhana (Eurale ferox) Fishing chimes 14 (2)13
• http//www.vuatkerala.org/static/eng/advisory/fish
  eries/culture_fisheries/integrated_farming/introdu
  ction.htm

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