Comparative Criminal Justice Systems

1
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems

• AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE
• ON POLICING
• Reichel / Dammer and Fairchild

2
Policing

• Policing is no longer a local community service
  provided by local agencies addressing local
  problems.
• (Dammer and Fairchild, 2006)

3
Question

• How will globalization affect the way police
  agencies (worldwide) perform their job?
• Are populations static?
• In times of change, what issues
• must the police be aware of?
• (content, context, time)

4
The Changing Role of Police

• Multi-jurisdictional
• Multi-cultural
• Multi-political
• Multi-technical

5
Question

• In times of civil tension and
• the concern for public order -
• how should officer discretion
• be controlled in a democratic society?

6
Types of Police Structures

• Centralized
• Single Ireland, Israel, Nigeria, Poland, Saudi
  Arabia
• Multiple Coordinated Austria, France,
  England/Wales
• Multiple Uncoordinated Belgium, Italy, Spain,
  Switzerland

• Decentralized
• Single Japan
• Multiple Coordinated Australia, Canada, Germany
• Multiple Uncoordinated Mexico, United States

7
Policing Global Cooperation

• Interpol (International Criminal Police
  Organization) Lyons, France.
• Europol (European Police Organization) The
  Hague, the Netherlands.
• The Amsterdam Treaty/Schengen Agreement
• European Arrest Warrant (Euro-warrant)

8
Interpol

• Two governing bodies the General Assembly and
  the Executive Committee.
• 183 members, each with their own National Central
  Bureau (NCB) a global conduit for communication
  and data sharing.
• NCBs created because of difference in police
  forces, languages, and legal systems.
• Major role is to supply transnational crime
  information to national police forces.
• Interpol is not based on an international treaty
  or convention it is not an international police
  force, it does not investigate crime.

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NCB Responsibilities

1. Maintain open channels to all police units in its
   own country.
2. Maintain connections with the NCBs of all other
   member countries.
3. Maintain liaison with the General Secretariat.

10
Europol

• Operates under a mandate for preventing and
  combating organized criminal activities
  operating in several countries.
• Its efforts are directed against crimes such as
  drug trafficking, illicit vehicle trafficking,
  trafficking in human beings, terrorism, and money
  laundering.
• It has no police authority across the EU.
• Its role is to facilitate the exchange of both
  personal and nonpersonal data among Europol
  liaison officers who represent the various law
  enforcement agencies.

11
The Schengen Convention

• 13 European countries. The creation of a single
  external border which abolished internal border
  checks. A common visa program among member
  countries.
• Exhibits coordination among police, customs, and
  judiciary officials in each country. Accentuates
  cross-border surveillance (customs), hot pursuit
  (police), and extraditions (judiciary).
• Member countries have a common data base.

12
Euro-Warrant

• An example of harmonization and approximation in
  the EU.
• The objective is to replace lengthy extradition
  procedures.
• Two key aspects include Abolishment of the
  principle of dual criminality for 32 serious
  offenses the requirement of the surrender of a
  countrys own nationals.

13
Questions

• Do you feel that the concepts of
• community policing, zero-tolerance policing, and
  proactive policing
• will have an effect on the
• global community in the near future?
• If so, in what way?
• Will heterogeneity have an affect?

14
Civil Order Control(Six Model Nations)

• England Depends on regular street police
  although little attention is paid to civil order
  control forces.
• France Specialized troops in both the national
  police and the military (not always accountable
  to the public).
• Germany Youngest officers do civil order
  control work mature officers focus on street
  work.
• Japan Specialized civil order police in each
  prefecture.
• China Public security police with assistance
  from the army.
• Saudi Arabia Relies on the military to handle
  serious civil disorder.
• Generally, the front line responsibility for
  civil order, as for deviance control, rests with
  the street police.