Divine Command Theories of Ethics

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Divine Command Theories of Ethics
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Overview

• We will consider three different accounts of the
  relationship between religion and reason in
  ethics
• Religion takes priority over reason
• Divine command theories
• Teleological suspension of the ethical
• Compatibilist theories
• Autonomy of reason theories

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Divine Command Theories

• These theories claim that something is right
  because God will it.
• Augustine and the voluntarist tradition
• Clear in Islam, where the will of Allah is the
  measure of all that is right
• Also characteristic of much of fundamentalism in
  all religions.

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Criticisms of Divine Command Theories

• How can we know Gods will?
• Does divine command theory undermine human
  autonomy?
• Can be used to subjugate the masses.

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Abraham and Isaac

• In the old Testament, God commands Abraham to
  sacrifice his only son, Isaac.

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The Story of Abraham

• Genesis, 221-10
• And it came to pass after these things, that God
  did tempt Abraham, and said unto him, Abraham
  and he said, Behold, here I am. And he said,
  Take now thy son, thine only son Isaac, whom thou
  lovest, and get thee into the land of Moriah and
  offer him there for a burnt offering upon one of
  the mountains which I will tell thee of. And
  Abraham rose up early in the morning, and saddled
  his ass, and took two of his young men with him,
  and Isaac his son, and clave the wood for the
  burnt offering, and rose up, and went unto the
  place of which God had told him. Then on the
  third day Abraham lifted up his eyes, and saw the
  place afar off. And Abraham said unto his young
  men, Abide ye here with the ass and I and the
  lad will go yonder and worship, and come again to
  you. And Abraham took the wood of the burnt
  offering, and laid it upon Isaac his son and he
  took the fire in his hand, and a knife and they
  went both of them together. And Isaac spake unto
  Abraham his father, and said, My father and he
  said, Here am I, my son. And he said, Behold the
  fire and the wood but where is the lamb for a
  burnt offering? And Abraham said, My son, God
  will provide himself a lamb for a burnt offering
  so they went both of them together. And they
  came to the place which God had told him of and
  Abraham built an altar there, and laid the wood
  in order, and bound Isaac his son, and laid him
  on the altar upon the wood. And Abraham
  stretched forth his hand, and took the knife to
  slay his son.

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The Story of Abraham

• Genesis, 2211-19
• And the angel of the LORD called unto him out of
  heaven, and said, Abraham, Abraham and he said,
  Here am I. And he said, Lay not thine hand upon
  the lad, neither do thou any thing unto him for
  now I know that thou fearest God, seeing thou
  hast not withheld thy son, thine only son from
  me. And Abraham lifted up his eyes, and looked,
  and behold behind him a ram caught in a thicket
  by his horns and Abraham went and took the ram,
  and offered him up for a burnt offering in the
  stead of his son. And Abraham called the name of
  that place Jehovahjireh as it is said to this
  day, In the mount of the LORD it shall be seen.
  And the angel of the LORD called unto Abraham
  out of heaven the second time, And said, By
  myself have I sworn, saith the LORD, for because
  thou hast done this thing, and hast not withheld
  thy son, thine only son That in blessing I will
  bless thee, and in multiplying I will multiply
  thy seed as the stars of the heaven, and as the
  sand which is upon the sea shore and thy seed
  shall possess the gate of his enemies And in
  thy seed shall all the nations of the earth be
  blessed because thou hast obeyed my voice. So
  Abraham returned unto his young men, and they
  rose up and went together to Beersheba and
  Abraham dwelt at Beersheba.

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The Issue

• Gods command that Abraham should kill his only
  son as a sacrifice to God seems to go against
  reason and morality
• The issue can God ask us to do things that go
  against reason and morality? Which takes
  precedence, Gods command or reason?

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The Teleological Suspension of the Ethical

• According to Søren Kierkegaard, sometimes it is
  necessary to suspend the ethical for the sake of
  God

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Søren Kierkegaard

• Kierkegaard sought to heighten the tension
  between faith and reason, rather than try as
  Hegel had done to minimize it.
• The case of Abraham in Fear and Trembling
• Either/Or

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Compatibilist Theories

• Compatibilist theories say that reason and
  religion can never contradict one another
• Strong they are saying the same thing
• Weak they say different things, but not
  contradictory things

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Strong Compatibilism

• G. W. F. Hegel thought that reason and religion
  could be completely reconciled.
• Religion presents same truths as reason, but
  under a different form, as myth rather than as
  reason.

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Weak Compatibilism

• Thomas Aquinas believed that reason and faith
  could never contradict one another, but faith may
  reveals truths beyond the react of reason.

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Supremacy of Reason

• Bertrand Russell thought that religion was simply
  wrong, and reason was the role guide for action.

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Rationalistic Theists

• Immanuel Kant believed in God, but felt that even
  God was subject to the dictates of reason.

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Criticisms of Autonomy of Reason Theories

• The heritage of the Enlightenment belief in
  reason and autonomy and individualism
• Challenges to the Enlightenment belief
• Human acts of irrationality the Holocaust,
  enslavement of African-Americans, etc.

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A Crucial Distinction

• Distinguish two questions
• Content. Can reason provide us with adequate
  guidelines about how we should act? The answer
  appears to be yes.
• Motivation. Can reason provide us with adequate
  motivation to do the right thing? Here the
  answer appears to be no.

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Possible Relationships between Religion and
Reason in Ethics
Supremacy of Religion Compatibilist Theories Supremacy of Reason
Strong version All morality based on divine commands Fundamentalism Reason and religion are identical Hegel Ethics based only on reason atheistic or agnostic Russell
Weak version Teleological Suspension of the Ethical Kierkegaard Reason and religion may be different but do not conflict Aquinas Even God must follow dictates of reason Kant
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The Role of Religion in the Moral Life

• Key question Is religion harmful or helpful to
  the moral life?

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Religion as Harmful to the Moral Life

• Karl Marx Religion as the opiate of the masses,
  used to enslave them
• For Marx, religion was only a tool for oppression.

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Religion as Harmful to the Moral Life

• Friedrich Nietzsche
• The Death of God
• Nihilism
• Slave morality and ressentiment

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Religion as Transcendence

• Supporters of religion point out the way in which
  the religious consciousness allows individuals to
  transcend the oppression of their times.
• Oscar Romero of El Salvador

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Religion and Ultimate Justice

• Is religion necessary to insure ultimate
  justice, that those who suffer in this world will
  be recompensed and that those who gain in this
  world through treachery will be punished in the
  next?