Immune Response Immunization

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Immune Response Immunization
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Characteristics of Acquired Immunity

• Recognition of non-self
• Antigenic specificity
• Memory

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Figure 15.18
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Naturally Acquired Active Immunity

• The body responds to
• antigens that enter naturally,
• such as during infections.

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Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity

• Antibodies are transferred
• from mother to offspring,
• either across the placenta
• (IgG) or in breast milk (IgA).

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Artificially Acquired Active Immunity

• Healthcare workers introduce
• antigens in vaccines the body
• responds with humoral
• immune responses

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Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity

• Healthcare workers introduce
• preformed antibodies
• (obtained from immune
• individuals) as antisera and
• antitoxins into a patient.

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Immune Serum Globulin (ISG), aka Gamma Globulin

• Contains immunoglobulin extracted from the pooled
  blood of at least 1,000 human donors
• Processing concentrates the antibodies to
  increase potency and eliminates potential
  pathogens
• Method of choice for preventing measles and
  hepatitis A and in replacing antibodies in
  immunodeficient patients
• Injected intramuscularly
• Protection lasts 2-3 months

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Antisera and Antitoxins of Animal Origin

• Can be used when a human immune globulin is not
  available
• Example sera produced in horses for diphtheria,
  botulism, and spider and snake bites

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Vaccination

• Vaccination exposing a person to material that
  is antigenic but not pathogenic
• Stimulate a primary and secondary anamnestic
  response to prime the immune system for future
  exposure to a virulent pathogen
• Two types of Vaccines
• Inactivated
• Attenuated

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Figure 15.19
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Principles of Vaccine Preparation
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Genetically Engineered Vaccines

• Recombinant DNA technology
• Trojan horse vaccine
• Genetic material from an infectious agent is
  inserted into a live carrier microbe that is
  nonpathogenic
• The recombinant microbe multiplies and expresses
  the foreign genes
• The vaccine recipient will be immunized against
  the microbial antigens
• DNA vaccines

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Route of Administration and Side Effects of
Vaccines

• Most vaccines are injected by subcutaneous,
  intramuscular, or intradermal routes
• Only a few oral vaccines available, even though
  they have advantages
• Some vaccines required the addition of an
  adjuvant
• Common side effects
• Local reactions at the injection site
• Fever
• Allergies
• Some patients experience reactions to the medium
  rather than the antigens

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To Vaccinate Why, Whom, and When?

• Not only confers protection to the individual
  receiving the vaccine, but it also protects
  public heath
• Herd immunity
• Collective immunity through mass immunization
  confers indirect protection on the nonimmune
  members
• Important force in preventing epidemics

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Figure 15.17