HISTORY OF OCEANOGRAPHY

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HISTORY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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EARLY EXPLORERS

• TRADE ROUTES

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Egyptians(4,000BC) first to build ships, used
for trade
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Polynesians(2,000-500 BC)-voyaged across the
Pacific Ocean
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Phoenicians (1,100-850BC) traded from
Mediterranean to England
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Vikings (780AD) colonies in Canada
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EXPLORERS AND THEIR EXPEDITIONS
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VASCO DE GAMA (1497)First to sail all water
trade route from Portugal to India.
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FERDINAND MAGELLAN (1519)Circumnavigated the
globe
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CAPTAIN JAMES COOK (1768)ENDEAVOR
EXPEDITIONMapped oceans in both hemispheres,
used a chronometer to measure latitude and
longitude.
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ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT (1799)Measured Peru
current, also named after him.
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SIR JOHN ROSS (1818)Explored the Arctic Ocean,
made soundings and recovered specimens.
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CHARLES DARWIN (1831)Beagle ExpeditionExplored
Galapagos Islands, lead to theory of natural
selection.
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SIR JAMES ROSS (1839)Explored Antarctica, took
deep water soundings.
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CHARLES WILKES (1840)Confirmed Antarctica was a
landmass.
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CHARLES WYVILLE THOMSON (1872)Challenger
ExpeditionWorldwide expeditions, collecting
oceanographic data.
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FRIDTJOF NANSEN (1893)Fram ExpeditionStudied
circulation patterns, confirmed no northern
continent in the Arctic Ocean
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ROBERT E. PEARYFirst to reach the North Pole.
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METEOR EXPEDITION (1925)GermanUsed echo
sounder, studied physical oceanography of the
Atlantic Ocean.
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USS NAUTILUS (1958)Nuclear powered sub, reached
North Pole under the ice.
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BATHYSCAPH Trieste (1960)reached bottom of
Mariana trench-10,915 meters.
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GLOMAR EXPLORER (1974)CIA project to recover a
sunken Russian sub.Equipped for deep water
drilling.
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OCEANOGRAPHIC INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS AND
DISCOVERIES
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Geradus Mercator (1569)Map projection of the
world, adapted to navigational charts.
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Robert Boyle (1675)Published relationship of
temperature, salinity and pressure.
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DANIEL BERNOULLI(1738)Stated principal that the
faster the movement of the fluid, the less
pressure.
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Benjamin Franklin (1770)Charted the Gulf Stream
of the Atlantic Ocean
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EDWARD FORBES (1830)Published on molluscs and
sea stars.
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Matthew Fontaine Maury (1855)Standardized wind
and current data.
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ALEXANDER AGASSIZ (1877)Naturalist on
echinoderms.
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Fridtjof Nansen (1893)Invented the Nansen
bottle, to collect water samples at different
depths.
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Alfred Wegner (1912)Proposed theory of
continental drift.
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JACQUE COUSTEAU (1943)Invented aqua lung.
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WILLIAM BEEBE (1949)Invented the benthoscapee
diving apparatus.
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ROBERT BALLARD(1977)ROV Jason for deep sea
exploration. Found the Titanic.
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OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTES AND AGENCIES
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WOODS HOLE, MASSACHUSETTS
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SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPPHY, San Diego
(1903)
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INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION (1932)Enforce
voluntary regulations on whaling.
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DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT (1968)Get cores of
sediments.
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NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION
(1970)Coordinates oceanography and meterology.
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SEASAT-A (1978)Global monitoring of oceans with
microwaves.
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LAW OF THE SEA TREATY (1994)
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ROVSRemotely Operated Vehiclesmore hours,less
expensiveJason, Alvin, ARGO
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SUBMERSIBLESmannedexpensive, time
limitsTrieste