(Based on text: David A. Patterson

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COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
Introduction

• (Based on text David A. Patterson John L.
  Hennessy, Computer Organization and Design The
  Hardware/Software Interface, 3rd Ed., Morgan
  Kaufmann, 2007)

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COURSE CONTENTS

• Introduction
• Instructions
• Computer Arithmetic
• Performance
• Processor Datapath
• Processor Control
• Pipelining Techniques
• Memory
• Input/Output Devices

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INTRODUCTION

• Overview the Computer Systems
• Evolution of Memory and Processor
• Historical Perspective
• Levels of Representation

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A Desktop Computer

• A desktop computer (left figure)
• Motherboard, I/O interface board, board for
  memory chips, power supply, disk drives (right
  figure)

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Inside a PC
Patterson Henessey, Morgan Kaufmann 2007
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PC Motherboard

• Intel Pentium 4 processor - upper left, covered
  by metal fins (heat sink)
• Main memory DRAM middle, small board
  perpendicular to mother board (DIMMs)
• The rest mostly connectors for external I/O
  devices

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Processor Chip - 1

• Earlier Intel Pentium Chip

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Processor Chip - 2

• Intel Pentium 4

Intel Pentium 4 die photo (Henessey
Patterson, Morgan Kaufmann 2003)
Intel Pentium 4 with 3 GHz - package (intel 2003)
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Processor Chip - 3

• Intel Pentium 4

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Hardware / Software

• Hardware physical components
• System software operating system, compiler,
  ....
• Application software PowerPoint, spreadsheet,
  ...

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Five Classic Components of a Computer Network

• Datapath performs arithmetic logic operation
• Control tells datapath, memory, I/O what to do
  according to instructions
• Memory stores programs datacache (SRAM)
  small fastDRAM main memoryoptical disk (CD,
  DVD), magnetic disk, FLASH, magnetic tapes
  secondary, nonvolatile
• Input inputs instructions, data, etc. e.g.
  keyboard, mouse (electromech ? optical), disk...
• Output outputs results, information, etc. e.g.
  monitor (flat-panel LCDs or CRT), printer, disk,
  
• Network communicates with other computers,
  resource sharing, non-local accesses e.g. LAN,
  Internet, ...

Network
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A Historical Perspective

• 1946 J. Presper Eckert John Mauchly (U. Penn.)
  announced ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator
  and Calculator). It used vacuum tubes and
  performed 1900 adds/sec
• John von Neumann joined Eckert Mauchly and
  built EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable
  Automatic Computer), a stored-program computer
• 1948 U. Manchester built Mark-I, first
  operational, stored-program computer
• 1949 Maurice Wilkes (Camb. U.) built EDSAC
  (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator),
  first full-scale, operational, stored-program
  computer
• 1940s Other pioneers include Konrad Zuse
  (Germany), Alan Turing (UK)
• 1940s Howard Aiken (Harvard) built Mark-III
  Mark-IV, with separate memories for instructions
  data, hence Harvard Architecture
• 1947 Whirlwind started at MIT, using magnetic
  core memory
• 1951 1st successful commercial computer, UNIVAC
  I (Universal Automatic Computer), built and sold
  (Remington-Rand / Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corp.)
• 1952 IBM shipped IBM 701

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A Historical Perspective

• 1964 IBM Syst/360. IBM/360 architectures
  dominated large computer market
• 1965 DEC unveiled PDP-8, 1st commercial
  minicomputer
• 1971 Intel invented 1st microprocessor, Intel
  4004
• 1963 Seymour Cray at CDC announced CDC 6600, 1st
  supercomputer
• 1976 Cray announced Cray-I, then fastest
  supercomputer
• No single fountainhead for personal computer
• 1977 Apple II by Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak set
  stds for low cost high volume
• 1981 IBM announced IBM PC and became the
  best-selling computer of any kind its success
  gave Intel the most popular microprocessor and
  Microsoft the most popular operating system
• 1990s Multimedia, networks, Internet, embedded
  processors, graphics, etc.
• 2000 - Wireless mobile (e.g. cell phone), 3-D
  graphics, multimedia (e.g. video), Internet, GHz
  processors, embedded, dual-core, quad-core,
  multi-core, etc.
• 90s, 2000 - Architectural techniques
  Superscalar, dynamic pipelining, speculative
  execution, VLIW, multithreading, multi-core arch,
  etc.

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Intel 80x86 History

• 1978 Intel announced 8086 16-bit architecture
  (an extension to 8080 8-bit)
• 1980 Intel announced 8087 floating point
  co-processor
• 1982 Intel announced 80286, with address-space
  extended to 24 bits
• 1985 Intel announced 80386, a 32-bit
  architecture
• 1989 Intel 80486, with improved performance,
  pipelining
• 1992 Intel Pentium, improved performance
• 1995 Intel Pentium Pro, improved performance (gt
  100 MHz)
• 1997 MMX extension, set of instructions to
  accelerate multimedia communication
  applications
• 1998 Intel Pentium II
• 1999 Intel Pentium III
• 2000 Intel Pentium III gt 1 GHz, competition from
  AMD, Pentium IV (11/00)
• 2002 Intel Pentium IV gt 3 GHz (3.06 GHz) with
  multithreading and 0.13 micron technology
• 2005 Intel Pentium D (dual-core version of
  Pentium 4 Extreme) - 2 independent execution
  units onto same processor
• 2006-07 Intel Quad-Core, 65 nm technology

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Technology Trends - 1
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Technology Trends - 2

• Moores law transistor capacity doubles every
  18-24 months

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Multithreading Multi-core CPUs

• Threads (threads of execution) - a program forks
  itself into 2 or more simultaneously (or
  pseudo-simultaneously) running tasks
• Multiple threads can be executed in parallel on
  many computers
• Single processor - by time slicing when a single
  processor switches between different threads, so
  fast as to give the illusion of simultaneity
• Multiprocessor or multi-core system - achieved
  via multiprocessing, different threads
  processes run simultaneously on different
  processors or cores.
• Multi-core CPUs
• Multi-chip approach - cores are made by different
  chips that are put together in a single package.
  Cores communicate using front side bus. L2 cache
  is separated
• Monolithic approach - Cores are manufactured in
  only one chip, do not need to use front side bus.
  Memory cache is shared between the two cores.
  Better performance

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Levels of Representation

• temp vkvk vk1vk1 temp
• lw 15, 0(2)lw 16, 4(2)sw 16, 0(2)sw
  15, 4(2)
• 00000000101000010000000000011000

High level language program
Compiler
Assembly language program
Object Library routine (machine lang.)
Memory
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SUMMARY

• Overview the computer systems
• Five classic components of a computer
• Evolution of memory and processor
• Computer technology trends
• Levels of representation