Title: Elementary Education Under Five Year Plans in India
1Elementary Education Under Five Year Plans in
India
- N. K. Mohanty
- nkmohanty_at_nuepa.org
- nkmohanty_at_gmail.com
2Constitutional Provisions in Elementary Education
- Article 45 The state shall endeavour to
provide within a period of 10 years from the
commencement of the Constitution free and
compulsory primary education for all children
until they complete the age of 14 years - Article 46 The state shall promote with
special care the educational and economic
interests of the weaker sections of the people,
and in particular, of the SCs and STs
3Constitutional Provisions in Elementary
Education
- Article 29(2) No citizen shall be denied
admission into any educational institution
maintained by the state or receiving aid out of
State fund on grounds of religion, race, caste,
language or any of them " - Article 30(1) enjoins that "all minorities,
whether based on religion or language shall have
the right to establish and administer educational
institutions of their choice,"
4Constitutional Provisions in Elementary
Education
- Article 30(2) - The State shall not, in granting
aid to educational institutions, discriminate
against any educational institution on the ground
that it is under the management of a minority
whether based on religion or language." - Article 350-(A) - It shall be the endeavor of
every state and of every local authority within
the State to provide adequate facilities for
instructions in the mother-tongue at the primary
stage of education to children belonging to
linguistic minority group."
5Constitutional Provisions in Elementary
Education
- The 42nd Amendment to the Constitution of 1976
has put education in the Concurrent List and
empowered the Indian Parliament with the
authority to legislate on education concurrently
with the States. - The 73rd and 74th Amendment to the Constitution
provided for decentralization of school education
and entrusts primary education to Panchayati Raj
Institutions and Urban Area committees so that
the participatory and interactive management for
primary education could be evolved.
6Constitutional Provisions in Elementary
Education
- The Central Government on 28th July 1997
introduced 83rd constitutional amendment in Rajya
Sabha proposing to make elementary education as
the fundamental right of the child. - The Constitution of India was amended in 2002 to
make Elementary Education a justiciable
Fundamental Right.
7National Policy on Education, 1968
- Strenuous efforts should be made for early
fulfillment of the Directive Principle under
Article 45. - Reiterated the resolve that "by 1995, all
children will be provided free and compulsory
education up to 14 years of age." - The Constitution of India was amended in 2002 to
make Elementary Education a justiciable
Fundamental Right.
8Constitutional Provisions in Elementary
Education
- The Central Government on 28th July 1997
introduced 83rd constitutional amendment in Rajya
Sabha proposing to make elementary education as
the fundamental right of the child. - The Constitution of India was amended in 2002 to
make Elementary Education a justiciable
Fundamental Right.
9Approaches and Strategies
- Ist Plan (1951-56)Â
- To provide educational facilities to at least
60 of all children of the school-going age
within the age-group of 6-14. - IInd Plan (1956-61)
- The emphasis was on linking education with
economic development. It also advocated for
expansion of basic and elementary education.
10Approaches and Strategies
- IIIrd Plan (196166)
- The main emphasis was on the provision of
facilities for universal elementary education for
all children in the age-group 6-11 on basic line.
There was also a special concentration on the
education of girls and to reduce the existing
disparities in the level of development in
education boys and girls. - Â
- Annual Plans (196669)- No change in the
approach - IVth Plan (196974)
- Educational Programme in the IVth plan were
related to social and economic objectives of the
country. - It was a prospective plan based on Manpower
needs, social demand and the availability of
financial, material and human resources.
11Approaches and Strategies
Vth Plan (1974-79) Â Very high priority was
given to elementary education and adequate
provision was made for additional
enrolment. Â Provisions for curricular
orientation, work experience and strengthen of
educational institution for teachers. Â Annual
Plan (1979-80)
12Approaches and Strategies
- VIth Plan (1980-85)
- Â
- Highest priority to programme of UEE to continue
as a part of minimum needs programme. - To achieve UPE in the next 5 years
- Â
- The approach to UEE was to cover
- Â i) intensified uses of existing facilities,
including the adjustment of schooling hours which
would not be more than 3 hours a day according to
local conditions, - ii)Â provision of new facilities which would be
economically viable and educationally relevant,
and - iii) promotion of non-formal system of learning.
13Approaches and Strategies
- Schemes which were taken up, were
- Â
- i)Â Â Accepting the principle of average attendance
to overcome wastage and stagnation, - ii)Â Ensuring that a school is available to a
child within 1.5 Kms in a town and within 6 Kms
in a village, - iii)Â Laying emphasis upon compulsory enrolment,
- iv)Â Bringing about the expansion of part-time
informal education, and - v)Â Eradication of regional imbalances.
-
14Approaches and Strategies
- VIIth Plan (1985-90)
- Highest priority to realising UEE for children in
the age-group of 6-14 years by 1990. - Emphasis shifted from mere enrolment to retention
and attainment of basic elements of learning. - Â These objectives were to be achieved through
formal and non-formal methods focusing sharply on
the needs of girls and the children belonging to
economically and socially weaker sections. - Â Annual Plans (1990-92)
15Approaches and Strategies
- VIIIth Plan (1992-97)
- Highest priority to universalisation of free and
compulsory education upto the age of 14. - Reduction of disparities in access among states
and within states, between boys and girls and
among different segments of the population and - Improving the retention and achievement of
children of the relevant age-group. - To provide alternative channels for education to
children of deprived sections and working
children. - Reduction of drop-outs particularly among girls
and children belonging to SCs, STs and other
economically and socially disadvantaged
communities.
16Approaches and Strategies
- Programmes/Schemes
- A national programme of mid-day meals was started
in August, 1995 to promote access, retention and
nutritional care of primary schools. - Improvement in the quality of schooling and
achievement levels of children enrolled in
schools was attempted through the introduction of
minimum levels of learning (MLL) and enhancement
of infrastructure facilities. - Â
- Operation Black Board (1987), National
Programme of Nutritional Support (1995), District
Primary Education Programme (1994), Bihar
Education Project (1991), UP Basic Education
Project, Mahila Samakhya, Lok Jumbish, Shiksha
Karmi
17Approaches and Strategies
- IXth Plan (1997-2002)
- Â We are committed to a total eradication of
illiteracy. We will formulate and implement
plans to gradually increase the governmental and
non-governmental spending on education upto 6 of
the GDP this is to provide education for all.
We will implement the constitutional provision of
making primary education free and compulsory upto
5th standard. Our aim is to move towards equal
access to and opportunity of educational
standards upto the school-learning stage. We
shall strive to improve the quality of education
at all levels from primary level to our
universities.
18 Approaches and Strategies
- Strategy
- i)Â the national goal of providing primary
education as a universal basic service, - ii)Â the Supreme Court judgement declaring
education to be a fundamental right for children
upto 14 years of age, - iii) the need to operationalise programmes
through Panchayat Raj institutions (PRIS) and
Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), - iv)Â Â Â the legal embargo on child-labour,
- v)Â Â Â the provisions of the Persons with
Disabilities Act, 1995, and - heightened awareness of human rights
violations in respect of women, children and
persons from disadvantaged sections of society. -
19Approaches and Strategies
- Issues in Ninth Plan
- Â
- I) backlog of un-enrolled children (142
millions out of which 69 million were girls) - ii)Â Â dropout rate wide inter-state disparities
(38.95 at primary) - iii)Â 16.6 per cent habitations were not served by
primary schools within a distance of one km. - iv) lack of physical infrastructures like toilet
facilities for girls, drinking water facilities
in schools, teaching-learning equipment etc., - v) evaluation studies on childrens achievement
show low levels in language and mathematics. - vi) There are also regional disparities
- vii) Equity concerns like low enrolment of
girls, educational requirements of special need
groups like SCs/STs, OBCs, minorities, disabled
working children, children from disadvantaged
locations like deserts, hilly, coastal and deep
forest areas and children from migratory families
etc.
20 Elementary Education in the Tenth Five Year
Plan (2002-07)
- Approaches
- Approaches to achieve the goal of universal
elementary education in the years to come have to
measure the magnitude and complexity of the task,
which has so far remained incomplete. Efforts to
pursue this goal are guided by three broad
concerns
21 Elementary Education in the Tenth Five Year
Plan (2002-07)
- The national resolve to provide free and
compulsory education of satisfactory quality to
all children up to the age of 14 years - The political commitment to make the right to
elementary education a Fundamental Right and
enforcing it through necessary statutory
measures and - Enactment of 73rd and 74th Constitutional
Amendment which has set the stage for greater
decentralisation and s significantly enhanced
role for local bodies, community organisations as
well as voluntary agencies in the efforts towards
UEE. -
22Targets in Elementary Education in the Tenth
Five Year Plan (2002-07)
- Universal Access
- (a)Â Â All children (age groups 6-11 and 11-14)
should have access to primary schools, upper
primary schools or their alternatives within the
walking distance of one kilometer and three
kilometers respectively. - (b) Universal access to early childhood care and
education centers for all children of 3-6 years
of age - (c)Â Need based expansion of upper primary
education facilities, particularly for
disadvantaged section. There should be one upper
primary school for every two primary schools - (d) All schools should have buildings, toilets,
drinking water, electrification, playground,
black boards and other basic facilities and - (e) Provision of one classroom for every
teacher at elementary stage.
23Universal Enrolment
- Enrolment of all children in schools or other
alternatives by 2003 and - All children complete five years of primary
schooling by 2007 and - All children complete eight years of schooling by
2010 -
- Universal Retention
- (a)Â Universal retention in primary cycle by 2007
and in upper primary level by 2010 and - (b)Â Â Dropout rate to be reduced to less than 10
percent for grades VI-VII by 2007 - Universal Achievement
- Improve all aspects of quality of education
(content and process) to ensure reasonable
learning outcomes at elementary level, especially
in literacy, numeracy and in life skills.
24Equity
-
- Bridge all gender and social gaps in enrolment,
retention and learning achievement in primary
cycle by 2007. In upper primary it should be
reduced to less than 5 by 2007 - Special interventions and strategies to include
girls, SC/ST children, working children, children
with special needs, urban deprived children,
children from minority groups, children below
poverty line, migrating children and children in
hardest to reach groups.
25Strategies in the Tenth Plan
- Convergence
- Institutional Reforms
- Community Empowerment
- Institutional Capacity Building
- Community Based Monitoring
- Habitation as a Unit of Planning
- Focus on Education of Girls and Special Groups
- Focus on Quality and Relevance
- Sustainable Financing
- Support to NGOs
- Public and Private Partnership
26Strategies in the Tenth Plan
- Education of Girls and Adolescents Girls
- SCs and STs
- Working Children
- Children from Minority Groups
- Education of UDCs
- Children below Poverty Line
- Education of Hard to Reach Groups
- Education of Children with Special Needs
- Need Based Expansion of Upper Primary Education
- ECCE
27Some Achievments in the Tenth Plan
- Enrolment
- Primary Huge increase in Jharkhand. Increases
above national average in Jammu Kashmir, Uttar
Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. - ?Upper Primary Huge increase in Jharkhand, Uttar
Pradesh, Jammu Kashmir and Arunachal Pradesh.
28Some Achievments in the Tenth Plan
- Enrolment
- GER in primary has increased from 96.3 in
2001-02 to 107.8 in 2004-05 to 109.4 in
2005-06. - GER in upper primary has increased from 60.2 in
2001-02 to 69.9 in 2004-05 to 71.4 in
2005-06. - Out of school children has decreased from 32
million in 2001-02 to 7.1 million in 2005-06. - Number of districts having out of school
children of more than 50, 000 each has reduced
from 48 to 29.
29Some Achievments in the Tenth Plan
- Enrolment
- Dropout rate at primary has decreased from
39.03 in 2001-02 to 29 in 2004-05 - Dropout rate at the elementary level has
remained very high at 50.8. - Reduction in gender gap and social category gap.
30Issues in Elementary Education in the 11th Plan
- The Constitution of India was amended in 2002 to
make Elementary Education a justiciable
Fundamental Right. - 7.1 million children being out of school and
over 50 dropping out at elementary level are
matters of serious concern. - SSA to be reoriented to meet the challenges of
equity, retention and high quality education.
31Issues in Elementary Education in the 11th Plan
- States to be pursued to enact their own
legislation or amend the existing ones to ensure
UEE. - SSA would be restructured into a National
Mission for Quality Elementary Education to
ensure minimum norms and standards for a school
(both government and private) that is accessible
to all children. It would address access, quality
and equity holistically though Systems Approach. -
32Issues in Elementary Education in the 11th Plan
- The backlog for additional classrooms would be
about 6.87 lakh. - Opening of about 20,000 new primary schools and
up gradation of about 70,000 primary schools are
required. - Giving good quality education of common
standards, pedagogy and syllabi to ensure minimum
learning levels.
33Targets in Elementary Education in the 11th Plan
- Universal enrolment of 6-14 age group children
including hard to reach segment. - Substantial improvement in quality and standards
with the ultimate objective to achieve standards
of KVs under CBSE pattern. - All genders, social and regional gaps in
enrolments to be eliminated by 2011-12. - One year ECCE for all children in the age group
of 4-6 years. - Dropouts at primary level to be eliminated and
dropout rate at Elementary level to be reduced
from over 50 to 20 by 2011-12.
34Targets in Elementary Education in the 11th Plan
- Universalize MDMS at Elementary level by
2008-09. - Universal coverage of ICT at Upper Primary
schools by 2011-12. - Lay emphasis on full retention in schools with
nil dropout rate at primary level. - Bring significant improvement in learning
conditions with emphasis on learning basic
skills, verbal and quantitative.
35Targets in Elementary Education in the 11th Plan
- All States/UTs to adopt NCERT Quality Monitoring
Tools. - Strengthen BRCs/CRCs setting up one CRC for
every 10 schools and 5 resource teachers per
block.
36Special Quality Intervention for Disadvantaged
Groups in the 11th Plan
- The XI plan would lay special focus on
disadvantaged groups and educationally backward
areas. - This focus would include not only higher
resource allocation but also capacity building
for preparation and implementation of strategies
based on identified needs, more intensive
monitoring and supervision and tracking of
progress. - Give top priority in ECCE to habitations of
marginalized sections. - Set up additional 500 KGBVs in Blocks with higher
concentration of SC, ST, OBC and Minority
population.
37Special Quality Intervention for Disadvantaged
Groups in the 11th Plan
- Special attention to Districts with high SCs,
STs and Minority population, Innovative funds for
special Focus Districts to be doubled. - Focus on improving the learning levels of SC, ST,
minority chi9ldren through remedial coaching in
schools and also in habitations through educated
youth of NYKS, NSS, SHGs and local NGOs. - Special schools for slum children in 35 cities
with million plus population. - Special intervention for migrating children,
Urban deprived and working children.
38Special Quality Intervention for Disadvantaged
Groups in the 11th Plan
- Creation of capacity within the school for
dealing with students lagging in studies. - Setting up 1000 hostels in EBBs with resident to
PG Teacher as warden to provide supplementary
academic support. - Sensitize teachers for special care of weaker
sections children with special needs. - Intensive social mobilization in dalit, tribal
and minority habitations through community
support. - Provide housing for teachers in tribal and remote
habitations.
39Pre-School Education in the 11th Plan
- SSA would have a component of one-year Early
Childhood Care Education (ECCE), which can be
universalized to cover 2.4 crore children in a
phased manner. - A large number of primary schools in States like
U.P. and Rajasthan already have ECCE. Primary
schools within the habitations, ICDS-Anganwadi
would be supported.
40KGBV and DPEP in the 11th Plan
- These scheme would be subsumed within SSA in the
11th plan. Expansion of 500 KGBVs in
District/Blocks with high concentration of SCs,
Sts, OBCs and Minorities would be taken up. - DPEP would come to an end in November 2008 and
would be subsumed under SSA as per the existing
procedure. The external commitments would however
be met.
41Teacher Education Thrust areas in the 11th Plan
- Establishing organic linkages between
CRCs-BRCs-DIETs-SCERTs-NCERT and Universities. - Teacher absenteeism Accountability to be tackled
through PRTs. - Need to work towards enhancing quality of an
integrated system of teacher education. - Linking teacher education with institutions of
research and higher education. - Countinued professional development of teachers
and teacher educators.
42Teacher Education Thrust areas in the 11th Plan
- Linkages with reputed teacher education
institutions for possible drawing up of quality
faculty resources on contractual basis. PPP
models for rejuvenating poor quality DIETs and
also setting up of new DIETs/DRCs. - At least one training for all teachers once in
every two years. - Capacity building of para teachers.
43Teacher Education Thrust areas in the 11th Plan
- The teacher Education Scheme would be
implemented in partnership with states. The
entire recurring expenditure, including salaries
and contingencies during the 11th plan period
would be met by GOI to the tune of 100 in
2007-08 and thereafter reduced by 10
progressively each year to 90 in 2008-09, 80 in
2009-10, 70 in 2010-11 and 60 in 2011-12 so
that gradually the States can take up their
committed liabilities and old establishment
expenditure. - The GOI would bear 100 of new establishment and
programme components expenditure.
44Madarsas/Maktabs in the 11th Plan
- Additional maddarsas/maktabs would be supported
for modernization under AIE component and it
should be possible to cover all the 12,000 odd
Madarasas during the plan period.
45Mahila Samakhya in the 11th Plan
- The MS programme would be continued as per the
existing pattern and expanded in a phased manner
to cover all the EBBs and also in arban/suburban
slums, as it contributes to educational
empowerment of poor women.
46Mid Day Meal Scheme in the 11th Plan
- The scheme would be extended to upper primary
schools (Govt., Local Body and Govt. Aided
Schools, and EGS/AIE Centres) in 3479 EBBs from
1st June, 2007 to cover additional 30 million
children and to all upper primary schools from
April, 2008 to cover about 18 crore children by
2008-09. The nutritional value of meals for upper
primary children would be fixed at 700 caloreis
derived from 150 gms of cereals and 20 gms of
protein.
47MDM Action Points in the 11th Plan
- MDM to be managed by the local community and
PRIs/NGOs. And not contracts driven civie quality
and safety to be prime considerations. - Sensitize teachers and others involved in
nutrition, hygiene, cleanliness and safety norms
to rectify observed deficiencies. - Involve nutrition experts in planning low cost
nutrition menu and for periodic testing of
samples of prepared food. - Promote locally grown nutritionally rich food
items through kitchen gardens in school etc.
48MDM Action Points in the 11th Plan
- Revive School Health Programme disseminate and
replicate best practices adopted by States. - Provide drinking facilities in all schools on
urgent basis. - Status regarding supplies, funds, norms, weekly
menu and coverage displayed in schools to ensure
transparency. - Central assistance to cooking cost based on
actual number of beneficiary children and not on
enrollment. - Promote social audit.
- Online Monitoring.
49Thank You Very Much