Nutritional Food and Energy Metabolism in Animals

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Nutritional Food and Energy Metabolism in Animals

• Nur Zulaikha Binti Mat Zawawi
• D11A028

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Metabolism

• all the chemical and physical processes that take
  place in the body

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Metabolism

• anabolism - metabolism that builds tissue
• catabolism - metabolism that breaks down materials

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Nutrients

• water
• protein
• carbohydrates

• fats or lipids
• vitamins
• minerals

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Water

• provides basis for all of the fluid of the
  animals body
• bloodstream requires liquid for circulation
• digestion requires moisture for breakdown of
  nutrients and movement of feed

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Water

• needed to produce milk
• helps body to maintain constant temperature
• flushes the animals body of waste and toxic
  materials
• animals generally need about three pounds of
  water for every pound of solid feed they consume

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Protein

• largest and most costly part of the ration
• composed of amino acids
• Amino Acids
• building blocks of life
• tissue development
• muscle production

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Protein

• enzymes are composed of protein
• protein can be used to supply energy
• In monogastric animals such as chickens, several
  specific amino acids called essential amino acids
  must be present in the diet.

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Protein

• Ruminant animals such as cattle do not have the
  same requirement of essential amino acids in the
  diet as the fermentation process in the rumen
  provides these to the animal.
• High protein feeds are usually those which are
  called 'meals' and include by-products from the
  manufacture of other products

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Protein

• Eg sunflower meal, meat meal, cottonseed meal..
• High protein feed are usually quite expensive and
  should not be provided to excess in a diet.
• High producing animals need more protein in their
  diet than lower producing animals

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Carbohydrates

• main source of energy
• composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• include sugars, starches and cellulose

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Carbohydrates

• almost all come from plants
• generally found in grain,wheat,oats,barley

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Carbohydrates

• types of sugars
• monosaccharides-simple sugars
• Glucose, Fructose(found in fruit),
  galactose(found in milk)
• disaccharides - complex sugars
• Sucrose(table sugar is comprised of glucose and
  fructose molecules), lactose(milk sugar is made
  up of glucose and galactose molecules)

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Fats

• group of organic compounds known as lipids
• found in plants and animals
• provide and store energy
• essential fatty acids necessary for production
  of some hormones and hormone like substances

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Minerals

• inorganic
• have role in providing structural support for the
  animal
• bones (calcium and phosphorous)
• egg shells (calcium)
• other essential needs provided by minerals

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Minerals

• aid in construction of muscles, blood cells,
  internal organs and enzymes
• usually added to feed in their chemical form
• often fed free choice
• salt block

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Vitamins

• considered micronutrients
• essential for the development of normal body
  processes
• provides animal with ability to fight stress,
  disease, and to maintain good health

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Ruminant system

• multicompartment stomach
• ruminant animals are often called cud chewers
• no upper front teeth in ruminant mouth

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Ruminant system

• no enzymes in the saliva
• examples of ruminant animals
• cows, sheep, goats
• Ruminant animals cannot tolerate too much grain
  in a diet, as a condition called grain poisoning
  or acidosis can occur. The provision of high
  energy for ruminants must take this into account.

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Reticulum

• traps dangerous objects and prevents them from
  proceeding through the rest of the tract.
• Called hardware disease cow eats wire, nails,
  staples
• stores, sorts, and moves feed back to the
  esophagus for regurgitation (throwing up)

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Rumen

• functions as a storage vat
• food is soaked, mixed, and fermented
• some absorption of nutrients
• some breakdown of feed through microbial action

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• Abomasum

• Omasum

• grinds roughage

• only true stomach
• functions similarly to a monogastric stomach

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Animal needs energy in its diet

• Maintenance to provide energy for basic body
  functions such as digestion and blood
  circulation.
• Production to allow the production of meat, milk
  eggs etc.
• Growth to give energy for the growth of bone and
  muscle.

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• Reproduction to provide energy for the growth of
  a calf, lamb or the production of eggs.
• Activity for muscle movement as the animal walks
  and moves.

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Thank you _