The Levels of Communication

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The Levels of Communication

• Adapted from Mastering Public Speaking,
• by George L. Grice and John F. Skinner

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To Communicate . . .

• The Latin verb communicare means to make common
  to many, share, impart, divide.

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Simply stated . . .

• When you communicate you share, or make common,
  your knowledge and ideas with someone else.
• Communication, then, is the sharing of meaning
  bysendingand receivingsymbolic cues.

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Charles Ogen I. A. Richards Triangle of Meaning

• The interpreter
• The person who is communicating, with words or
  symbols
• The symbol
• Anything to which people attach or assign a
  meaning
• The referent
• The object or idea for which the symbol stands

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The Triangle of Meaning
Interpreter (Speaker or Listener)

Referent
Symbol
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Five Levels of Public Speaking
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Five Levels of Public Speaking

• 1) intrapersonal

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Intrapersonal Communication

• The type of communication a person has with
  himself, thus the prefix intra- which means
  within.
• As soon as a human being awakens, he begins an
  internal thought process and dialogue, almost
  always silent, but sometimes aloud.

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Five Levels of Public Speaking

• 2) interpersonal

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Interpersonal Communication

• Interpersonal communication takes place between
  two people.
• This type of communication varies depending on
  the relationship between the two individuals.

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Five Levels of Public Speaking

• 3) group

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Group Communication

• Group communication occurs when three or more
  individuals, who have a common goal, interact
  either formally or informally.

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Five Levels of Public Speaking

• 4) public

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Public Communication

• Public communication takes place when one or more
  individuals communicate with a large group in a
  more one-directional approach.

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Five Levels of Public Speaking

• 5) mass communication

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Mass Communication

• Mass communication occurs when extremely large
  groups receive information, like a television
  audience watching a news broadcast, as well as
  the intermittent commercial advertising.

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Five Levels of Public Speaking

• 1) intrapersonal
• 2) interpersonal
• 3) group
• 4) public
• 5) mass communication

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Linear Model of Communication
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Linear Model of Communication

• The speakerthe sender, the encoder, or source of
  the message.

The Speaker
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Linear Model of Communication

• Encodingthe process of putting ideas into
  symbols to carry a message.

The Speaker
The Speech Text
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Linear Model of Communication

• Messageideas communicated verbally and
  nonverbally.

The Speaker The Message A speaker sends a message to a listener.
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Linear Model of Communication

• Listenerthe receiver or decoder of the message

The Speaker The Message A speaker sends a message to a listener.
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Linear Model of Communication

• Decodingthe process of attaching meanings to
  symbols received.

Decoding

The Speaker The Message A speaker sends a message to a listener.
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Linear Model of Communication

• The speakerthe sender, the encoder, or source of
  the message.
• Encodingthe process of putting ideas into
  symbols to carry a message.
• Messageideas communicated verbally and
  nonverbally.
• Listenerthe receiver or decoder of the message
• Decodingthe process of attaching meanings to
  symbols received.

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Linear Model of Communication

The Speaker The Message A speaker sends a message to a listener. The Listener
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Problems with Linear Model of Communication

• 1The assumption that a person is either the
  sender or a receiver of messages.
• Actually, we perform both of these roles
  simultaneously.

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Problems with Linear Model of Communication

• 2The suggestion that communication involves
  only one message.
• Actually, there are as many messages as there are
  communicators involved, and the message the
  sender intends is never identical to the one
  received.

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Interactive Model of Communication

• When scholars began to see the limitations of the
  linear model of communication, they added other
  components to the speaker, message, and listener
  making a total of 7 components
• channel, feedback, environment, and noise

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Interactive Model of Communication

• Channelthe medium, or the way the message is
  sent.

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Interactive Model of Communication

• Feedbackincludes all messages, verbal and
  nonverbal, sent by listeners to speakers.

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Interactive Model of Communication

• Environmentthe physical setting and the occasion
  for communication.

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Interactive Model of Communication

• Noiseanything that distracts from effective
  communication some form of noise is always
  present.

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Interactive Model of Communication

• Channelthe medium, or the way the message is
  sent.
• Feedbackincludes all messages, verbal and
  nonverbal, sent by listeners to speakers.
• Environmentthe physical setting and the occasion
  for communication.
• Noiseanything that distracts from effective
  communication some form of noise is always
  present.

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Noise

• Physical noisedistractions originating in the
  communication environment.

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Noise

• Physiological noisedistractions originating in
  the bodies of communicatorscold, headache,
  hunger, fatigue.

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Noise

• Psychological noisedistractions originating in
  the thoughts of communicatorsanxiety,
  daydreaming, worry.

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Noise

• Physical noisedistractions originating in the
  communication environment.
• Physiological noisedistractions originating in
  the bodies of communicatorscold, headache,
  hunger, fatigue.
• Psychological noisedistractions originating in
  the thoughts of communicatorsanxiety,
  daydreaming, worry.

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CHANNEL
Message
SPEAKER
LISTENER
Decoder
Encoder
Environment
Environment
Noise
Noise
Noise
Encoder
Decoder
Feedback
Interactive Model of Communication
CHANNEL
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The Levels of Communication

• Adapted from Mastering Public Speaking,
• by George L. Grice and John F. Skinner