Nationalism

1
Nationalism

• India After WWII

2
Self-Determination

• Means to allow people, nations, countries to
  decide what government they want and how they
  want to be ruled.
• This was a challenge to the colonial system.
• Countries like Britain did not want self
  determination after World War One because it
  meant that they would have to give up rule in
  places like India.

3
World War One

• During World War One about 1 million Indians
  fought for Britain.
• Britain had promised India self rule after the
  war however Britain failed to keep their promise.

4
Indian Nationalism

• India had wanted independence since the
  mid-1800s.
• Indians wanted both democracy and nationalism.
• Well educated Indians began to bring back these
  ideas from Europe.

5
National Movements

• Indian National Congress 1885
• A Hindu group wanted Hindu representation in
  government.
• Well educated
• Wanted a democratic India
• Muslim League 1906
• Muslim educated class wanted representation in
  government
• Based their ideas of democracy on the ideals of
  the Enlightenment.
• While both groups were very different and
  disliked each other they both wanted a democratic
  representative government.

6
Rowlatt Act

• In 1918 Indian soldiers and the the Indian public
  wanted Britain to uphold its promise of
  self-determination.
• Indians began to protest.
• In 1919 to stop protesting the British passed the
  Rowlatt Act which allowed them to jail protestors
  for up to two years with no trial!
• To educated Indians this was a violation of
• Denial of trial by a jury.

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The Amritsar Massacre

• In 1919 Indians began a system of violent protest
  to the British rule.
• Hindus and Muslims went to Amritsar to protest
  the Rowlett Act.

8
Amritsar Massacre

• At the festival at Amritsar Indians gathered to
  celebrate and make speeches. The event was
  non-violent.
• Hindu and Muslim nationalist began to arrive at
  the festival.
• British citizens were attacked.
• The British banned public meetings.

9
Amritsar Massacre

• On April 13, 1919 to British believed that the
  Indians were defying to order not to meet in
  public.
• British soldiers were ordered out to stop the
  people.
• The soldiers are ordered to open fire on the
  crowd.

10
Indian Nationalism

• 400 Indians are killed.
• 1,200 are wounded.
• Indians across India are outraged.
• Indians demanded impendence from Britain.

11
Indian Nationalism

• "The nonviolent approach does not immediately
  change the heart of the oppressor. It first does
  something to the hearts and souls of those
  committed to it. It gives them self respect it
  calls up resources of strength and courage that
  they did not think they had.
• Finally, it reaches the opponent and so stirs his
  conscience that reconciliation becomes a
  reality." (Martin Luther King)

12
Civil Disobedience

• One person can make a difference.

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Civil Disobedience

• Civil Disobedience
• Refusing to obey laws or the government without
  using violence and in some cases enduring
  violence directed towards you.

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Civil Disobedience

• Civil disobedience has served as a major tactic
  of nationalist movements in former colonies in
  Africa and Asia prior to their gaining
  independence.
• Most notably Mohandas Gandhi developed civil
  disobedience as an anti-Imperialism tool.
• Martin Luther King, a leader of the US civil
  rights movement in the United States in the 1960s
  also adopted civil disobedience techniques
• Antiwar activists both during and after the
  Vietnam War have done likewise.
• More recently, people have used civil
  disobedience to protest the war in Iraq

15
Civil Disobedience

• There is a rich tradition of nonviolent direct
  action in the United States as well.
• American revolutionaries used tactics such as tax
  and tea boycotts to mobilize thousand of
  colonists against the British.
• American peace churches have a long tradition of
  non-cooperation with military conscription and
  taxation.
• Beginning in the late 1800s, the women's movement
  for the right to vote carried on a century of
  silent vigils, mass demonstrations, and hunger
  strikes.

16
Civil Disobedience

• In his book The Politics of Nonviolent Action,
  Gene Sharp has categorized 198 methods of
  nonviolent action, which can be broken down into
  three main types

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Civil Disobedience

• Protest and persuasions
• leaflets, pickets, vigils, teach-ins, marches.

18
Civil Disobedience

• Non-cooperation
• social boycotts, student strikes,
• economic labor strikes, tax resistance, consumer
  boycotts
• political election boycotts, civil disobedience,
  draft resistance

19
Civil Disobedience

• Intervention
• sit-ins, occupations, alternative economic and
  social institutions, obstruction, work slowdowns
  and sabotage.

20
Forms of Protest

• Protest expresses relatively overt reaction to
  events or situations sometimes in favor, more
  often opposed.
• Protestors may organize a protest as a way of
  publicly and forcefully making their opinions
  heard in an attempt to influence public opinion
  or government policy, or may undertake direct
  action to attempt to directly enact desired
  changes themselves

21
Forms of Protest

• Violence
• Riots
• Terrorism
• Revolts
• Revolutions
• With violence comes death and destruction of
  property.
• The cause though a just cause may be confused by
  the public as being violent and may lose public
  support.
• Violence does not solve problems.

22
Forms of Protest

• Non Violent
• Boycotts
• Refusing to buy or trade goods.
• Sit-ins
• Sitting down and refusing to leave an area.
• Hunger Strikes
• Refusing to eat.
• Peaceful Protest Marches
• Showing mass public support for the cause.
• Petitions
• Letter writing campaigns and getting signatures
  to show mass support for the cause.
• Strikes
• Refusal to work.

23
Indian Civil Disobedience

• Satyagraha (Sanskrit truth path/way) is the
  philosophy of non-violent resistance most
  famously employed by Mohandas Gandhi in forcing
  an end to the British Raj.
• Translators have rendered the word satyagraha as
  "civil disobedience", "passive resistance",
  "truth force", or "the willingness to endure
  great personal suffering in order to do what's
  right". English-speakers may also use the term
  "non-violent protest".

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25
Gandhi

• He helped bring about India's independence from
  British rule, inspiring other colonial peoples to
  work for their own independence and ultimately
  dismantle the British Empire and replace it with
  the Commonwealth.
• Gandhi's principle of satyagraha, often roughly
  translated as "way of truth" or "pursuit of
  truth", has inspired generations of democratic
  and anti-racist activists including Martin Luther
  King, Jr. and Nelson Mandela.
• He often stated his values were simple truth
  (satya), and non-violence (ahimsa).

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Gandhis rules for Protest

• Mohandas Gandhi outlined the following rules
• A satyagrahi, i.e., a civil resister, will harbor
  no anger.
• He will suffer the anger of the opponent.
• In so doing he will put up with assaults from the
  opponent, never retaliate but he will not
  submit, out of fear of punishment or the like, to
  any order given in anger.
• When any person in authority seeks to arrest a
  civil resister, he will voluntarily submit to the
  arrest, and he will not resist
• Non-retaliation includes swearing and cursing.
• Therefore a civil resister will never insult his
  opponent, and therefore also not take part in
  many of the newly coined cries which are contrary
  to the spirit of ahimsa.

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Gandhi
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Gandhi

• An eye for eye only ends up making the whole
  world blind
• Poverty is the worst form of violence.
• Strength does not come from physical capacity. It
  comes from an indomitable will.
• Hatred can be overcome only by love

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Martin Luther King Jr.
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MLK

• We will have to repent in this generation not
  merely for the hateful words and actions of the
  bad people but for the appalling silence of the
  good people.
• Take a few minutes and write down what this
  means-What is King saying?

32
Gandhi

• Indian Independence
• Civil Disobedience

33
Early Life

• Mohandas Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869, in
  Porbandar, Gujarat, India.
• His family was traders.
• At the age of 13, Gandhi married Kasturba who
  was of his same age. They had four children, all
  sons.
• At the age of 19, Gandhi went to London to train
  as a lawyer.
• He went to Durban , South Africa to practice law
  in 1893 and began his political career by
  lobbying against laws discriminating against
  Indians in South Africa.
• Gandhi was arrested on November 6, 1913 while
  leading a march of Indian miners in South Africa.

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Early Life

• During World War I, Gandhi returned to India,
  where he campaigned for Indians to join the
  British Indian Army.
• Gandhi actively supported the British in World
  War I in the hope of hastening India's freedom.
• He also led agrarian and labor reform
  demonstrations that embarrassed the British.

35
Gandhi

• The Amritsar massacre of 1919 stirred Indian
  nationalist consciousness, and Gandhi organized
  several satyagraha campaigns.
• He discontinued them when, against his wishes,
  violent disorder ensued

36
Political Career

• After the war, he became involved with the Indian
  National Congress and the movement for
  independence.
• He gained worldwide publicity through his policy
  of civil disobedience and the use of fasting as a
  form of protest, and was repeatedly imprisoned by
  the British authorities.

37
Civil Disobedience

• In the 1920s Gandhi began his system of civil
  disobedience.
• Gandhi wanted to weaken the control of the
  British government over the Indian people.
• Gandhi called for the following measures.

38
Civil Disobedience

• Called for Indians to boycott British goods.
• Gandhi called for Indians to make their own
  clothing.
• Gandhi spent one hour a day at the spinning wheel
  making his own thread.
• The spinning wheel becomes the symbol of Indian
  Nationalism.

39
Civil Disobedience

• The clothing boycott was a success.
• Indians burned their British clothing and made
  their own clothing.
• The sale of British clothing dropped and hurt the
  British economy

40
Civil Disobedience

• Gandhi asked Indians to
• Boycott British schools.
• Not hold positions in the British government in
  India.
• Refuse to pay British taxes.
• Not vote in elections.

41
Salt Marches

• One of his most striking actions was the Salt
  March that started on March 12, 1930 and ended on
  April 5, when he led thousands of people to the
  sea to collect their own salt rather than pay the
  salt tax.
• On May 8, 1933 Gandhi began a fast that would
  last 21 days to protest British oppression in
  India.

42
Salt Marches

• Gandhi had shown the people that they could
  survive without the British.
• That the people could make their own salt,
  clothing, and run their own government.
• Gandhi showed the people the way.

43
Indian Act of 1935

• Under the success of the various civil
  disobedience tactics used by Gandhi the British
  government began to give into the demands of the
  Indians.
• In 1935 under the Indian Act of 1935 Indians were
  allowed local self-government.
• Some democratic elections were held.

44
Indians in Conflict

• The Muslims and Hindu come into conflict during
  these elections.
• Both want independence but both want control of
  the government.
• The Hindu National Congress which outnumbers the
  Muslim League wins and controls the government.
• This causes more problems between Hindus and
  Muslims.

45
Gandhi

• His program included a free, united India
• The revival of cottage industries, especially of
  spinning and the production of hand-woven cloth.
• the abolition of untouchables.

46
Gandhi

• Gandhi became known as a Mahatma or Great Soul
  of the Indian Independence movement.

47
Gandhi

• Gandhi became even more vocal in his demand for
  independence during World War II, drafting a
  resolution calling for the British to Quit
  India, which soon sparked the largest movement
  for Indian independence ever,

48
Violence in India

• With India feeling independence so close many
  Hindus and Muslims took up violence to protest
  British rule.
• With mass arrests and violence on an
  unprecedented scale.
• This went against the teachings of Gandhi.

49
Indian Independence

• In August 1946 Britain gave India its
  independence.
• Britain gave India to the Hindus and newly formed
  Pakistan to the Muslims.
• Soon both the Hindu and the Muslims while free of
  British rule now turned their violence towards
  one another.

50
Gandhi

• Gandhi had great influence among the Hindu and
  Muslim communities of India.
• It is said that he ended communal riots through
  his mere presence.
• Gandhi was opposed to any plan which partitioned
  India into two separate countries
• The plan was eventually adopted, creating a
  Hindu-dominated India, and a Muslim-dominated
  Pakistan.
• On the day of the power transfer, Gandhi did not
  celebrate independence with the rest of India,
  but mourned partition alone in Calcutta instead.

51
Gandhi

• On Jan. 30, 1948, while holding a prayer and
  pacification meeting at New Delhi, he was fatally
  shot by a Hindu fanatic who was angered by
  Gandhi's support for the Muslims.
• Gandhi was dead, India was free and now Muslims
  and Hindus were killing one another.

52
Gandhi

• View clips from the movie Gandhi
• Salt Marches

53
Indian Independence

• A New India

54
Indian Independence

• In 1947 Britain decided it could no longer rule
  India.
• India was granted its independence.

55
Jawaharlal Nehru

• Nehru becomes Indias first Prime Minister.
• Nehru rules from 1947 to 1964.
• Nehru hopes for a new future for India.
• Wants
• Industrialization
• Rights for women
• Elevate the lower caste

56
Indira Gandhi

• Nehrus daughter Indira Gandhi is Prime Minster
  from 1966 to 1984.
• Under Gandhi India increases her production of
  grain.
• Gandhi was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards
  after a Sikh revolt.

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Rajiv Gandhi

• Indiras son.
• His party was accused of corruption.
• Assassinated in 1991.

58
Democratic India

• India is the worlds largest democracy.
• India has a federal system of government.
• A strong central govt and then smaller local
  govt.

59
Cold War India

• Cold War
• During the Cold War India followed a policy of
  nonalignment
• This policy allowed India to receive aid from
  both capitalist and communist countries.

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Muslim v. Hindu

• Muslim
• Were the minority
• Muslim League wanted a Muslim state.
• In 1947 the British divide India and create a
  Muslim Pakistan

• Hindu
• Were the majority
• The National Congress wanted a Hindu state.
• In 1947 the Hindus were given India by the
  British.

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Muslim v. Hindu

• The division did not solve the problem.
• Muslims migrated to Pakistan while Hindus
  migrated to India.
• During the migration millions were killed.
• Both India and Pakistan would clash over the
  boarders to their countries.

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Muslim v. Hindu

• Because of both religious difference and boarder
  disputes over Kashmir both India and Pakistan
  have hostile intentions even today.
• Both countries also possess nuclear weapons,
  which poses a threat to each country and the
  world.

63
Social Problems in India
Food Production
Industrial Growth
Social Equality
Lack of oil Trying to be socialist
The caste system No education for women Religious
problems
High cost of equipment Rapid population
growth Floods and drought
64
Changes in India

• In 1950 India banned discrimination against
  untouchables.
• Untouchables must be allowed to apply for jobs
  and go to universities.
• Women were given the right to vote.
• Women were given the right to divorce and inherit
  property.
• Discrimination does still exist against
  untouchables and women.
• The caste system does still exist.
• Discrimination exist in rural areas.

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Sikh Separatism

• Sikhism is a religion that started in the 1500s
  and is a combination of Islam and Hinduism.
• In the 1980s Sikhs demanded self-rule and took
  over the temple at Amritsar.
• During the revolt Indira Gandhi sent in troops
  and many Sikhs were killed.
• Today there are still tensions between Sikhs and
  Hindus.