Challenging the Norm;

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Challenging the Norm The Scientific
Revolution,1543-1700s
Why was the Scientific Revolution seen as
threatening?How did the Scientific Revolution
impact Europe?
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I. Framework for Early Scientific Thinking
Ancient Greek ThoughtLogic
Christian Thought
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II. The Origins of the Scientific Revolution
Trade Medieval Universities
RenaissanceReligious Conflicts
An Teacher Explains the Solar System to a Noble
Women
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III. Characteristics

• Use of Reason and Rational
  ExperimentationWillingness to Break with Past

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IV. Revolutions in Astronomy
Claudius Ptolemy, 90-168
AD Geocentric Universe Circular Orbit
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IV. Revolutions in Astronomy
Nicolaus Copernicus, 1473-1543Heliocentric
Universe On the Revolution of the Heavenly
Spheres,1543
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IV. Revolutions in Astronomy

• Tycho Brahe, 1546-1601Johannes Kepler,
  1571-1630 Elliptical Motion

Brahe
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IV. Revolutions in Astronomy
Galileo Galilee,1564-1630First Telescope
Moon and Sun not PerfectStarry Messenger,
1610
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Earlier Approaches

• Classical Approach Ptolemy
• Geocentric
• Homocentric
• Circular orbits
• Medieval approach Scholastics
• Closed system
• Two types of truth

Galileo before the Inquisition, 1633
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Earlier Approaches
IV. Revolutions in Astronomy
Sir Isaac Newton,1642-1727 Synthesized
Kepler and GalileoLaws of GravityPrincipia,
1687
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Science and the Church
VI. Science and the Church
Protestant Church Catholic Church

• Catholic resistant
• Authority already in question
• Alternative source of truth and knowledge
• Protestant more accepting
• Reformers looking for a more rational and
  understandable world and well as religion

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Science and Government
V. Science and European Governments
Royal Society of London England (1660) Royal
Academy of Sciences France (1666) Dutch
Government funds Kepler
Observatory at Nuremburg
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VI. Results of the Scientific Revolution
A. Fundamentally changed the way Europeans
thought and lived. B. The Scientific Method
was applied to social relations and government.
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Food for Thought and Discussion
Some people are expressing new alarm concerning
the unchecked progress of scientific knowledge.
Now it is not the church but the state that feels
morally obliged to impose external limitations
upon the freedom of scientific inquiry. Are the
fears of those today better grounded than those
who opposed scientific advancement in the 17th
and 18th Centuries?
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Challenging the Norm The Enlightenment, 1700-1789
What developments led to the emergence of the
Enlightenment? Who were the leading figures of
the Enlightenment?What were the leading figures
of the Enlightenment critiquing?
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Philosophes
Society Human Relations Government
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I. Origins of the Enlightenment
Scientific Revolution17th Century
Thinkers John Locke
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II. Characteristics
ProgressReasonDeismReligious
ToleranceCritique of Old Regime
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III. The Philosophes
Baron de Montesquieu, 1689-1755Persian
Letters, 1721 The Spirit of Laws, 1748
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III. The Philosophes
Francois-Marie Arouet Voltaire
1694-1778Criticisms Candide, 1759
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III. The Philosophes Denis Diderot, 1713-1784
Illustration from the Encyclopedia, 1751
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III. The Philosophes Jean-Jacques Rousseau,
1712-1778
The Social Contract, 1762
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III. The Philosophes Adam Smith, 1723-1790
Wealth of Nations, 1776
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IV. Enlightenment Culture
SalonsUndergroundParticipation of Women
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V. Enlightenment and Government
Enlightened Absolutists
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Joseph II of Austria, 1780-1790
Enlightened Reforms Nobles Reject Reforms
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VI. Rebellions Against State Power
Russia Pugachev Revolt, 1773
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VI. Rebellions Against State Power
American Revolution, 1776
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American Revolution
Declaration of Independence, 1776Constitution
of the United States of America,
1787/1789Bill of Rights, 1791
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VII. Results
Secular SocietyQuestioning of
AuthorityOptimism