ATTITUDES

1
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
The scientific study of the way in which peoples
thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced
by the real or imagined presence of other people

• Thoughts cognitive system
• Feelings affective system
• Behavior conative system

2
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR

• most living organisms show social behavior
• surviving value
• genetic basis

3
COGNITIVE ARCHITECTURE FOR SOCIAL BEHAVIOR

• social perception
• social memory
• social reasoning
• social communication
• social learning

4
CORE SOCIAL MOTIVES

• Belonging
• Understanding
• Controlling
• Enhancing self
• Trusting others

5
BELONGING

• Your personal experience
• Large body of research

• Need for strong and stable relationships
• Belonging as buffer against fear
• Belonging to a group helps individuals to survive

6
UNDERSTANDING

• Making sense of social situations
• Shared understandings
• Communication
• Perceptions of fairness

7
CONTROLLING

• Contingency between behaviour and outcomes
• Starts very early in life
• Objective versus subjective feelings of control
• Feelings of control are related to being
  healthier, feeling happier, and living longer

8
ENHANCING SELF

• Maintaining and improving self-esteem
• Private versus public self
• Strong positivity bias
• Depressive realism

9
TRUSTING

• Seeing the world as a benevolent place
• Psychological midpoint

10
SOCIAL LANGUAGE

• Verbal behavior
• Nonverbal behavior
• Facial expressions
• Body language
• Personal space intimate versus personal zones

11
IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT

• We are story tellers
• To ourselves and others

• Situational activation
• Individual differences self-monitoring
• Impression management strategies

12
SOCIAL INFLUENCE

• Social facilitation
• Social loafing
• Deindividuation
• Group polarization
• Social norms
• Conformity
• Compliance
• Obiedience

13
SOCIAL FACILITATION

• Mere presence of others may enhance performance
• Presence of others facilitates the dominant
  response
• Enhancement of simple tasks, impairment of
  difficult tasks

14
SOCIAL LOAFING

• People work less hard when in a group than when
  working alone
• Condition no visible individual contributions to
  group achievement
• Practical lesson make individual contributions
  visible

15
DEINDIVIDUATION

• Loss of feelings of personal identity in a group
  or crowd
• People may cross borders they would otherwise
  never cross

16
GROUP POLARIZATION

• Groups are known for taking bad decisions
• Polarization enhancing initial attitudes
• Groupthink being extremely biased under pressure
  
• Risky shift

17
SOCIAL NORMS

• Injunctive norms what most people approve or
  disapprove
• At all levels (individual, small group,
  organization, social identity, culture)
• Explicit versus implicit

18
CONFORMITY

• Adapting a behavior or opinion to match that of
  others
• The famous number 6 (Asch, 1955)
• Imitating other people (mimicry)
• Functional explanations

19
COMPLIANCE

• Agreeing to do things requested by others
• Foot-in-the-door effect
• Door-in-the-face effect
• Low-balling effect

20
OBEDIENCE

• Milgram studies obedience to authority
• Obedience in everyday life

21
AGGRESSION A DUAL-PROCESS MODEL Leonard Berkowitz
22
EXPLAINING PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR

• Self-interest
• Other-interest
• Collective interest