Chapter 33 The Vertebrate Animal

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Chapter 33The Vertebrate Animal
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Characteristics of Homo Sapiens

• Coelom divided into two cavities
• Thoracic cavity contains heart, lungs etc
• Abdominal cavity contains stomach, intestines and
  liver
• Endotherms generate heat, warm-blooded
• Ectotherms obtain heat from environment,
  cold-blooded
• An endoskeleton that contains a vertebral column
  enclosing the central nervous system

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Cells and Tissue

• Four types of tissue
• Epithelial
• Connective
• Muscle
• Nerve

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Epithelial Tissue

• Tissue to provide protective covering on body,
  nerve endings and organs
• Regulates the movement of molecules and ions
• Classified by shape of cells
• Specialized epithelial tissue cluster to form
  glands
• Three types squamous, cuboidal and columnar
• Simple epithelial single layer
• Stratified epithelial several layer

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Squamous - flattened or scalelike Cuboidal -
cube Columnar - cylindrical
http//www.bmb.psu.edu/courses/bisci004a/tissues/t
issnote.htm
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http//www.bmb.psu.edu/courses/bisci004a/tissues/t
issnote.htm
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Desmosomes and Tight Junctions

• Provide strength for tissue
• Desmones plaques of dense fibrous materials
  between adjacent cells with filaments looping
  thru cytoplasm
• Tight Junctions fusion of cell membranes to
  form continuous seal around each cell to prevent
  leakage

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http//bio.winona.msus.edu/bates/Bio241/images/fig
ure-05-06ab.jpg
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http//www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/problem_se
ts/membranes/13t.html
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Connective Tissue

• Bind together, support, and protect the other
  three types of tissue
• Grouped by characteristics of their extracellular
  matrix
• Three types of fibers
• Collagen - most abundant protein in body
• Elastic fibers - stretchable (in skin, blood
  vessels)
• Reticular fibers - support and strength

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http//www.bmb.psu.edu/courses/bisci004a/tissues/t
issnote.htm
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Connective Tissue

• The most abundant connective tissue are bone
  ,blood and lymph
• In blood and lymph the extracellular matrix is
  plasma
• The extracellular matrix of a bone is crystals of
  calcium

http//www.sirinet.net/jgjohnso/skeletonorg.html
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http//www.bmb.psu.edu/courses/bisci004a/tissues/c
onntypes.jpg
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Muscle Tissue

• Two types of muscle
• Striated move the skeleton (striped appearance)
• Voluntary muscle movement
• Cardiac muscle makes up the wall of the heart
• Smooth - surrounds internal organs (no stripes)
• Involuntary muscle movement
• Contraction of muscle depends on the interaction
  of actin and myosin

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http//www.nvo.com/jin/homepage8/
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Types of Muscle
http//www.bmb.psu.edu/courses/bisci004a/tissues/s
mooth.jpg
http//www.bmb.psu.edu/courses/bisci004a/tissues/s
keletal.jpg
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Striated Muscle

• Muscle attached to bone by tendons
• Bone attached to bone by ligaments
• Most skeletal muscles work in antagonistic
  groups, one contracts while the other relaxes
• Cardiac muscle cells are mononucleate and have
  branched ends unlike skeletal muscle

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Smooth Muscle

• Spindle-shaped and mononucleate
• In most organs smooth muscle is arranged into two
  layers, an outer longitudinal layer and an inner
  circular layer
• These two layers contracting alternately can make
  it possible for materials to be moved
• These muscles regulate the pressure and rate of
  flow

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Nerve Tissue

• Neurons - transmit nerve impulses
• Consist of a cell body, dendrites and an axon
• Cell body contain nucleus and metabolic
  machinery
• Dendrites threadlike extensions which receive
  stimuli from other cells
• Axon long string that conducts signals
• Glial cells physically support and insulate
  neurons,

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http//eduweb.brandonu.ca/science/diagrams/diag-3
.htm
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Neurons

• Four types of neurons
• Sensory neurons receive messages and relay
  messages to the central nervous system
• Interneurons transmit messages within the
  central nervous system
• Relay neurons relay messages between different
  regions of the central nervous system
• Motor neurons transmit signals from central
  nervous system to muscles or glands

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http//sd67.bc.ca/teachers/northcote/biology12/M/M
1toM8.html
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Functions of the Organism

• Challenges of an organism and its environment
• Obtain sources of energy and raw materials to be
  processed into usable materials
• Maintenance of a constant internal temperature
• Coordination of the activities of numerous cells
  with relation to the environment
• Receiving and processing information from the
  external environment and reacting correctly
• Ability to reproduce

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The Nervous System

• Somatic system stimulates skeletal muscle
• Autonomic stimulates smooth muscle, cardiac
  muscle and glands
• Autonomic system divided into sympathetic and
  parasympathetic which act as a system of checks
  and balances
• The sympathetic division is most active in times
  of stress and danger
• The parasympathetic division plays a major role
  in everyday activities

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Feedback Control

• Feedback control is responsible for the
  regulating of all physiological processes
• Ex. The regulation of a heater by a thermostat
• Feedback loops usually involve the endocrine and
  nervous system
• Feedback systems sometimes involve additional
  loops in which certain hormones indirectly effect
  the production of others