Ciudadana, Polticas Pblicas y Globalizacin

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WOMEN IN SCIENCES
Dr. Lilliam Alvarez Diaz, Director of
Sciences,Cuban Ministry of Science, Technology
and EnvironmentE-mail lilliam_at_citma.cu
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Are we visible ?Or invisibles ?
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Sólo 3 mujeres en el Simposium Latinoamericano de
Física de las Altas Energías año 2000 !!!
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• UNESCO World Conference on Science, held in
  Budapest in June 1999, was a crucial moment in
  the organization of an Action Plan and
  sensitizing the decision makers and authorities
  in the more urgent problems enfacing women in
  Science and Technology, especially in the Third
  World.
• (Women in Sciences in Latin America assisted with
  well preparation and awarenesssince UNESCO
  Bariloche Meeting in 1998)
• In Budapest, the speeches in the Main Hall
  pronounced by Lydia Makhubu and Rosa Elena
  Simeon, (the sadly lost Minister of Science and
  Technology of Cuba), were very impressive and
  left prepared the participants for the panels in
  the subsequent days.

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• The lack of participation of Women
• in politics, in the socio-economical and cultural
  development, in ST, necessarily Delay
• The societies maintaining inequities

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• Because Women are not a minority
• We are the half of the Humankind
• And the Mothers of the other half !

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Some figures

• 3/5 parts of the poorest people of the world are
  women and girls
• 70 of the 130 millions of non-studying persons
  in the world are girls
• 2/3 parts of the 960 millions of illiterates in
  the world are women

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• Richest countries, having les of the 20 of the
  world population
• Execute more than the 80 of the funds for RD
• Publish the 85 of the scientific papers
• Are owners of around the 90 of the patents

• By other hand, 1/3 of the graduated students (men
  or women ), finishing the careers in the the
  third world do not work for the development of
  our countries

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In addition, we have Gender bias in Science
teaching !

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• By failing to encourage women to pursue careers
  in Physics, as well as men, the world wastes a
  substantial portion of its talent and severely
  limits womens potential contributions.
• Participation of women in all spheres of society
  and in particular in fields such as science, has
  enormous implications not only for women
  themselves, but for the whole of our societies.
  Such participation is also very important in
  shaping the future of our countries.
• The influence of role models is crucial. Efforts
  must be made to provide more women as mentors for
  younger women scientists during the early stages
  of their careers, or even as early as during
  their period of training.
• Being pro-active is the only way to change the
  current situation and to correct biases and
  thus promote greater participation of women in
  Sciences in the future.

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BUDAPEST 10

• Which have been the advancements??
• Are they enough ?
• Can we be satisfied ?
• Let us remember the text of the
• ACTION PLAN
• related to WOMEN IN SCIENCES.

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• Some of the main items approved in the Action
  Plan were the following
• Government agencies, international organizations
  and universities and research institutions should
  ensure the full participation of women in the
  PLANNING, ORIENTATION, CONDUCT AND ASSESMENT OF
  RESEARCH ACTIVITIES.
• It is necessary that women participate actively
  in SHAPING THE AGENDA FOR FUTURE DIRECTION OF
  SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH.
• All countries should contribute to the collection
  of reliable data, in an internationally
  standarized manner, for the generation of
  gender-disaggregated statistics on ST,
• Governments and educational institutions should
  identify and eliminate, from early learning
  stages on, educational practices that have a
  discriminatory effect, so as to increase the
  successful participation in science of
  individuals from all sectors of society,
  including disadvantaged groups

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• The foundation of the UNESCO Cathedra for Women
  in Science and Technology in Latin America,
  directed by Gloria Bonder from Argentina was a
  very important step, in particular the developing
  of Research Projects with the participation of
  many countries of the Region, authorities of ST,
  (men or women), establishing tendencies,
  identifying stereotypes, common perceptions, etc.
  
• Certainly, there have been two main causes one
  is a the difficulties in the electronic
  communication which has been intermittent,the
  other one
• In general in the Region, Latin America and the
  Caribbean persists the lack of financial support
  to organize joint meetings, projects,
  publications or fellowships for young women
  scientists.

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WOMEN IN LAC Common problems

• In our countries, work force is still almost
  entirely sex-segregated, i.e., most occupations
  are either predominantly female or predominantly
  female. In a pallid way (and there are some
  representatives), some occupational barriers have
  fallen but in general, in the Caribbean Region
  women are clustered to jobs that demand service,
  patience, subordination status, and in general
  jobs with low salaries and little chance of
  advancements,( pink-collar ghetto).
• The Glass-ceiling phenomena is also present in
  women doing hard Sciences in the Caribbean they
  do not access to decision positions.
• Each one is consequence of others. That means, if
  we have in the Region poor representation of
  women in decision levels, that is consequence of
  stereotypes, occupational segregation, gender
  bias in the education, etc.
• Obviously, some of the referred problems are
  intrinsically gender issues, not related to the
  economical situation of each country but with
  historical assumptions of an androcentric world.

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• In LAC in this 10 years in different Workshops,
  Conferences, fruitful debates and studies the
  following problems can be identified, which are
  common to women pursuing careers in science and
  technology
• Leadership Problems.
• Under-Representation of Women at Decision-Making
  Levels.
• Occupational Segregation.
• Tendency to Medical/Health Sciences and Education
  which are Traditional Vestiges.
• Under Representation of Women In Basic Sciences
  as Mathematics, Physics, Astronomy (except
  Chemistry).
• Migration and brain drain (common for males and
  females for all the Third World).
• Stereotypes.
• Gender Bias in Text Books for all Levels and in
  Scientific Vocabulary and Scientific Literature.

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The Cuban experience
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• In 1959, the triumph of the Cuban
  Revolution found
• 600 00 children without schools
• 10 00 teachers without classrooms
• Emigration outside of Cuba of a big number of
  physicians and professionals
• Women and girls received more directly the
  impact of the poor economy

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Defining Development and Progress

• Recovering the Human Dignity
• Cultural Identity
• Institutional Organization
• Ecological Sustainability

• Including Women in the social life
• Eliminating all kind of Racism
• Literacy
• Food
• Health Care
• Education
• Housing
• Social Commitment of Scientists
• Social Appropriation of ST
• Citizens with a general integral Culture

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Concrete Actions

• Teaching Reform, 1961
• Private School interventions Public
  Schools
• Campaign against Illiteracy in 1961
• Major Female participation
• 59 of the voluntary young teachers were
  women
• 55 of the people learning to read and write
  were women
• Cuban Women Federation, FMC, played a decisive
  role recovering the dignity of Cuban women,
  involving them in all the same activities as men,
  with complete access to the labor life.
• The FMC founded the Children Garden and new
  Schools having lunch included. These were
  definite steps in adding the women force to the
  construction of a new society.
• The Pregnancy Law and the Family Code

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FOUNDATIONS OF THE CUBAN SCIENTIFIC POLICY

• DEVELOPMENT OF OUR OWN HUMAN POTENTIAL,
  (OPENNING OPORTUNITIES FOR ALL, TALENTED GIRLS
  AND BOYS)

• FOSTERING THE CUBAN SOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL
  DEVELOPMENT

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CUBAN SCIENCE

• TODAY
• 1,21 GDP DEVOTED TO ST ACTIVITIES
• 1,15 RESEARCHERS AND ENGINEERS PER THOUSAND
  PERSONS OF THE LABOUR FORCE

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• Cuba, has been recently catalogued, by the UNDP,
  as a country having
• High Human Development Index
• and this fact has been possible only for the
  permanent political will and investments in ST
  and a network of Research institutions working in
  the main priorities of the country Food
  productions, Health, Biotechnology, Renewable
  Energies, Natural Sciences, Environment, Natural
  disasters and Climate changes, Basic Sciences,
  Social Sciences, and Technologies for information
  and communication
• AND HAVING HIGH INDEXES OF WOMEN INCLUSION

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• CUBA TODAY
• 217 INSTITUTIONS DEVOTED TO ST ,
• (with more than 50 000 researchers in RD),
• 115 ARE RESEARCH INSTITUTES
• 63 CENTERS OF HIGHER EDUCATION, disseminated in
  all the provinces,
• More than 3 000 Faculties of Universities in 169
  Municipalities in the Island.
• 11 million of inhabitants

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36 Institutions devoted to Biotechnology
IDiC Scientific Pole of West Havana
CIGB
CENIC
CIM
I. FINLAY
IPK
CIE
CNB
CENSA
CIREN
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ECONOMICAL IMPACTS OF THE CUBAN SCIENCE SYSTEM

• GROWING OF THE NEW PRODUCTS OF SCIENCE AND
  TECHNOLOGY
• GROWING OF PRODUCTS TO SUBSTITUTE IMPORTING
  ISSUES, SUCH AS PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS,
  VACCINES, FOODS, OIL, ETC.

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NEW RESULTSRELEVANTS FOR THE CUBAN HEALTH CARE
SHYSTEM

• NEW Haemóphilus Vaccine
• NEW Biotechnological Products
• Monoclonal AntiBody egf-R3

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IMPACT OF THE NATIONAL PROGRAM OF VACCINATION
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• 89,7 of effectiveness in the meteorological
  forecasting
• Sistematical Sismological Monitoring

PRIORIZED SERVICES
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WOMEN IN SCIENCES IN CUBA
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CUBA TODAY
INDEXES OF FEMALE PARTICIPATION IN PRIORIZED
PROGRAMS AEREA OF TECHNICAL FORCE
OF LEADERSHIP HEALTH
79,9
35,8 EDUCATION 70,2
48,6 TOURISM
52,0
25,0 SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY 65,3
26,1 SUGAR AGRO-INDUSTRY 33,9
10,5 AGRICULTURE
32, 6
11,6 COPERATIVE SECTOR 28,2
14,4
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Being visibleCOMMISSION OF WOMEN IN SCIENCES

• In Cuba, The Commission of Women in Sciences in
  the Cuban Academy of Sciences was founded as the
  TWOWS National Chapter in June 2000. The Chapter,
  together with a Section of Women in Sciences
  belonging to the Cuban Academy of Sciences has
  until now 120 members.
• Cuban women in Physics have been especially
  active, participating and organizing Conferences,
  Round Tables, etc, in different Universities,
  Scientific institutions and Internationa
  activities as IUPAP Meeting for Women in Physics.
  Some of them as have developed a strong activity,
  studying and popularizing the gender issues.
• In Cuba, an Annual Prize was created to stimulate
  5 of the best scientific results having a woman
  as first author. The prizes are dedicated to the
  branches of Exact and Natural Sciences,
  Biomedicine, Agricultural Sciences, Social
  Sciences, and Technical Sciences and Engineering.
  The Women in Science Prizes are selected from the
  basis of the National Awards of the Cuban Academy
  of Sciences, guaranteeing a rigorous scientific
  analysis.
• Since 2003 was founded, in coordination with the
  Sofia Kovalievskaia Foundation, directed by the
  prestigious personalities of USA, Ann and Neal
  Koblitz, an Award every two years, for the best
  three works in Basic Sciences directed by Cuban
  women. This year, March 2009, we celebrated the
  Fourth Edition of the Award.

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• Caribbean Academy of Sciences (CAS) Conference
  held in Guadaloupe in 2000 and in Havana in 2001,
  were good opportunities to joint women doing
  sciences in the Caribbean and interested in
  gender issues.
• This action opened the idea and the financial
  support of CAS for organizing, in Trinidad and
  Tobago the Conference on Key issues facing women
  in Science in the Caribbean held from 29th April
  to 2nd May, 2001, and were many of us had the
  possibility to joint information, with a paper as
  a result titled Preliminary remarks on the
  situation of women in science and technology in
  the Caribbean by Lilliam Alvarez, Veronica
  Broomes, Grace Sirju-Charran and Rinia
  Doelhalasori.
• Some young Cuban women scientists were
  recommended to participate in some Conferences
  and also to support some fellowship proposal. One
  of the more relevant was the participation of one
  theoretical physicist in a short term training in
  Fermilab in USA, supported by the APS.
• The Conferences of the International Union for
  Pure and Applied Physics on Women are celebrated
  every two years and some physicists from Latin
  American countries have obtained funds to
  participate, especially from Brasil, Argentina,
  Mexico, Colombia and Cuba, many of them TWOWS
  members. We had the opportunity to debate our
  problems and to compare different points of views
  with European and North-American women in Physics.

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IBEROAMERICAN CONFERENCES ST AND GENDER

• FOUNDED BY EULALIA PEREZ SEDENO, CONSUELO MIQUEO,
  MARI LIRES.AND MANY OTHER HIGHLY RECOGNIZED
  SPANISH SCIENTISTS
• I 4TH EDTIONS HELD IN SAPAIN
• Especial reference deserves the V CONGRESO
  IBEROAMERICANO DE CIENCIA, TECNOLOGÍA Y GÉNERO,
  held in Mexico City, on February 2004. the
  coordinator and main organizer and promoting
  person was Dra. Norma Blazquez The Congress was
  developed en the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
  México (UNAM), with the purpose of joining those
  persons in Iberoamerica working or interested in
  themes related with ST from a Gender
  perspective.
• 7TH EDITION HEL IN HAVANA, CUBA IN 2008.
• The objective was to analyze the current
  situation of women in the Science and Technology
  Systems in Latin America and Spain, to explore
  the negative consequences that could cause the
  exclusion of gender issues in the practices,
  contents, organization and future strategies.
  Also, the Conference has the purpose of promoting
  equitative presence of women in all levels.
• THE NEXT EDITION WILL TAKE PLACE IN
  CURITIBA-BRAZIL, APRIL 2010.

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WOMEN IN SCIENCES The Caribbean Jamaica,
Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, Dominican
Republic, Bermudas.
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The Caribbean

• It is necessary to recall that, concentrating the
  analysis in the Caribbean Region, big gaps appear
  in the socio-economics conditions of our small
  countries, going from Mexico and Cuba to Central
  America countries (except Costa Rica, maybe) and
  Haiti as the extreme cases.
• Cuba exhibits the best situation in the
  subjective aspects, and in this sense already has
  a long distance ahead its neighbors. However
  women in sciences still face serious economical
  troubles, in their everyday and scientific lives.
• Trinidad and Tobago is in a better economical
  situation, but still prevail big economical
  inequities and many subjective and subjacent
  andocentric and pre-conceived assumptions.
• Mayra de la Torres recently has appointed her
  observation In Jamaica a Program is needed to
  call BOYS to study SCIENCESbut prevails the
  discrimination of women in all spheres of the
  society.

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• Individual Caribbean WOMEN IN SCIENCES in the
  last 10 years, have been very active promoting
  gender issues in their countries. We have had
  very good reference on the work of Helen Asemota
  and other colleagues form the University of West
  Indies, Mona Campus.
• Through the Caribbean Academy of Sciences, we
  could have contact with women in Trinidad and
  Tobago and Guyana, as Grace Sirju-Charran and
  Veronica Broomes, having the possibility to
  study some statistics and to discuss common
  problems facing women doing Sciences in the
  Caribbean as the followings leadership problems,
  Tendency of girls to Med Sciences and Education
  as traditional vestiges, under representation of
  women in basic sciences as Mathematics, Physics,
  migration and brain drain (common for males and
  females for all the Third World), under
  representation of women in scientific decision
  levels, gender bias in the text books in all
  levels and in the scientific vocabulary and
  scientific literature, masculinity of Science,
  stereotypes (masculine to be a good scientist,
  masculine to be good head of department,
  masculine to be a good Dean, to be a good
  chief!) pour Science Education in basic sciences
  in Primary and Secondary levels, (Cuba is an
  exception in this point), occupational
  segregation.

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THE THIRD WORLD ORGANIZATION FOR WOMEN IN SCIENCE
(TWOWS)Promoting Womens Participation and
Contribution to Science in Developing Countries

• From the Latin American and Caribbean Report
• Since Budapest 1999, an important step was the
  organization of the TWOWS National Chapters in
  our countries. This task was difficult to
  organize, because of different causes. The
  activism of the members was required and not in
  every case was a successful project.

.Talent is the duty to employ it in benefit of
the homeless José Martí Cuban Hero
Bangalore, India, November 2005
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• TWOWS NATIONAL CHAPTERS MUST BE RE-VITALIZAED
• TWAS AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL BODIES FOR ST
  REQUIRE TO BE ENGENDERED, (TWAS- nowadayslt 10
  OF MEMBERSHIP),
• Other Academies ?, IAP, IANAS, ..Councils ?..
• ...Cuban Academy of Sciences has 28 of Women
  in its membership..2 women in the Council.(10
  members..)

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TASK FORCE WORKING DOCUMENT GENDER,
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD
PRIORITIES FOR SOUTH-SOUTH AND NORTH-SOUTH
COOPERATION Prepared byProf. Dr. Farida
Shah and Dr. Lilliam Alvarez(Malaysia)

(Cuba)
MEXICO, 2008, REPORT OF THE STANDING COMMITTEE
FOR WOMEN IN SCIENCE
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REPORT OF THE STANDING COMMITTEE FOR WOMEN IN
SCIENCE

• PROPOSAL FOR A TWAS STRATEGIC PLAN
• The recommendations to TWAS Council on policy
  issues and strategies related to Empowering women
  in ST in the developing world propose that
• A framework should be defined on how the standing
  committee can implement its programs and
  projects.
• A framework should be defined on how TWAS can
  assist TWOWS Strategic Plan 2009.
• Realistic funds and resource mobilization
  strategies for pursuing some of the programs
  listed below.
• Programs be organized under the broad headings
  as listed below with various projects to be
• undertaken by TWAS, TWOWS or together

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• Research projects
• A main theme of research which will foster
  collaboration between TWOWS regional members
• Research Programs for
• Regional or National benefit
• such as
• Womens Health and Reproductive health ,
• Women and Menopause,
• Traditional medicine and nutraceuticals for TWOWS
  members
• LOCAL Development

REPORT OF THE STANDING COMMITTEE FOR WOMEN IN
SCIENCE
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ACTIONS TO INCREASE THE VISIBILITY

• Multiplying the efforts, (up to now we have been
  individuals or few groups in the promotion and
  calling the attention)
• Working with MEDIA - Radio, Television,
  Newspapers.
• A MASSIVE CAMPAIGN FOR WOMEN IN SCIENCE IS
  NEEDED

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SOME IDEAS FOR MORE VISIBILITY OF WOMEN IN
SCIENCES.

• To organize Workshops on
• "Best Practices in the Promotion of Women in
  Science and Technology".
• These events could be very useful for comparing
  strategies, as well as developing new tools for
  possible implementation by governments,
  universities, industry, and academia.

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SOME IDEAS FOR MORE VISIBILITY OF WOMEN IN
SCIENCES.

• Career development/Training programs /leadership
  training
• In order to prepare the next  generation of Women
  in sciences leaders, it is possible to propose  a
  5-year project, 
• "Young Women
  Leaders",
• where some women selected from different
  parts of the world will be mentored  and prepared
  to take leading positions
• To design and organize
• Mentorship
  Programs.
• Pivotal to the strong participation of women
  in ST is the existence of strong mentorship
  programs, whereby young women professors,
  researchers in government or industries as
  mentors who they could go to regularly for
  advice/counsel.
• A great problem worldwide is the RETENTION of
  women scientists and engineers, and mentorship is
  often a successful tool to career pursuit and
  development.

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SOME IDEAS FOR MORE VISIBILITY OF WOMEN IN
SCIENCES.

• Career development/Training programs /leadership
  training
• To find mechanisms to ensure and monitor that
  women and girls are not excluded from ST
  activities throughout the developing world
• To develop the capacity of institutions,
  organizations and agencies involved in ST for
  developing activities and to collect gender
  disaggregated data , documenting constraints and
  progress in expanding the role of women in
  science and technology in the developing world.

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SOME IDEAS FOR MORE VISIBILITY OF WOMEN IN
SCIENCES.

• Education/ Awareness Programs
• To organize, design and formalize plans
• to publish profiles of successful women
  scientists in the developing world
• as role models for the young generation and
  distribute the information worldwide
• To design effective Programs to support and
  encourage talented young female scientists.

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• Networking South-South and
• South-North Cooperation
• a Portal for
• Network and a Virtual community
• for Women in Sciences, in ICSU, IANAS, IAP, TWAS
  website, within which all the regional websites
  of TWOWS National Chapters and other Cathedras,
  Organizations, Institutions for Science, Tech and
  Gender can be hyperlinked.
• To utilize structures, policies, regulatory
  frameworks, explicit and tacit intellectual
  knowledge, activities and relationships among
  NGOs, international organizations, the public and
  private institutions, infrastructures and
  industries throughout the developing world,
  working together to contribute towards the
  utilization of ST for the development, the
  identification of ST projects with gender
  perspectives and the implementation and
  monitoring the socio-economical impacts of these
  initiatives.

SOME IDEAS FOR MORE VISIBILITY OF WOMEN IN
SCIENCES.
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Networking South-South and South- North
Cooperation Mailing lists and emails will be
used to facilitate these activities. The
approach will seek to develop viable and
practical resource mobilization strategies by
working closely with international donors and
foundations, the private sector and NGOs. To
recommend Programs that promote South-South
cooperation and organization of regional
meetings and workshops on gender issues in
Science Technology, including exchanges on
achievements of women scientists. To support
South-South and South-North Exchange for
Lectureship Programs of Relevant Scientific
women living in the developing countries.
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• Increasing participation of women at decision
  making levels
• To recommend that a Canvassing Committee of 6-9
  members, (women and men), be established to
  aggressively seek nominations of
• Meritorious Women of the developing world for
  membership in TWAS. 
• This is key to enhancing the proportion of women
  members in TWAS
• To identify women scientists who successfully
  reached high level leadership positions in
  academic, government or private sector Task
  Force to advise IAP, ICSU, IANAS, TWAS, National
  Acadmies !!! to pay more attention to increasing
  women in its membership
• by identifying those leading women scientists

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SOME IDEAS FOR MORE VISIBILITY OF WOMEN IN
SCIENCES.

• To promote and to adopt a nonsexist, inclusive
  language policy
• to cover all written and verbal communications.
• Screen and edit curricula materials for gender
  bias.
• To promote the identification and
• fight against subtle forms of discrimination
• against women in science and technology.
• The more difficult it is to prove discriminatory
  practices, the much harder it is to deal with and
  remedy these situations.

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• Presentation of Awards
• To establish Annual REGIONAL, AMERICAN,
  LATINAMERICAN, CARIBBEAN Awards
• one for the Outstanding Woman Researcher in the
  developing world and another for Young Women
  doing sciences in the developing world. The
  awards should be named after women from the
  South, no longer alive, who have made great
  contributions to their fields.
• To propose promotion for prizes similar to that
  of the LOREAL UNESCO five annual prizes for
  women in science all over the world, the Clara
  Benson Award, given annually to an outstanding
  woman in Chemistry in Canada, the Awards of the
  Kovalievskaia Foundation, etc

SOME IDEAS FOR MORE VISIBILITY OF WOMEN IN
SCIENCES.
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REPORT OF THE STANDING COMMITTEE FOR WOMEN IN
SCIENCE
PROPOSAL OF ACTION PLAN 2009- 2010

• FOR LATIN AMERICA, THE CARIBBEAN AND AFRICA, TO
  ORGANIZE TWO WORKSHOPS
• Tanzania, January , 2010 Young African women
  sharing experiences
• Curitiba, Brazil, April, 2010 VIII
  IBEROAMERICAN CONGRESS FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY
  AND GENDER

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DECIDED- TWAS-TWOWS JOINT PROJECTS - Young
Women Scientist Workshops - Compilation of Top
Women in ST in the Developing World -
TWAS_TWOWS PORTAL- Web - Site - Awards for Young
Women - Support for Active National Chapters -
Organization of a successful Fourth TWOWS General
Assembly in Beijing - June, 2010
TWAS ADVISORY BOARD TWOWS EXECUTIVE
BOARD (Trieste, March, 2009.)
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Concluding facts

• BUDAPEST 10
• The lack of allocation of government and
  international funds to develop and maintain our
  work of promotion of girls and women in sciences
• has been the Aquiles talon, of our job and
  responsibilities.
• BUT BEYOND OF THAT,
• WE NEED THE INTEGRATION OF ALL OF US,
• Joining actions not splitting funds.

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IT IS TIME TO RECOGNIZE THE OBVIOUS SCIENCE
LOOSES A HIGH POTENTIAL NOT INCLUDING MORE WOMEN
IN RD COUNTRIES CAN NOT ASPIRE TO
DEVELOPMENT, IF WOMEN DO NOT PARTICIPATE IN ALL
SPHERES, ST AND DECISION LEVELS