The East Asian World

1
The East Asian World
16
2
China and Its Enemies during the Late Ming Era
3
China at Its Apex

• From the Ming to the Qing
• Peasant rebellion of Zhu Yuanzhang, 1368
• Ming (Bright) Dynasty
• Territorial expansion
• Spread of Chinese influence into the Indian Ocean

4
First Contacts with the West

• Chinas view of Europeans
• Portuguese arrival, 1514, Macao
• Problems with the Portuguese
• Portuguese and trade
• Jesuit missionaries
• Parallels between Christian and Confucian concepts

5
Ming Brought to Earth

• Decline in the 16th century due to a series of
  weak rulers
• Internal problems
• Economic
• Inflation from foreign silver
• English and Dutch disrupted silver trade
• Agricultural
• Crop yields fall with little ice age
• Frontier
• Manchus (Jurchen)
• Disease
• Peasant revolt led by Li Zicheng (Li Tzu-cheng,
  1604-1651)
• Occupied Beijing, 1644
• Manchus conquer Beijing and create new dynasty
  with the name Qing (Ching, or Pure)

6
The Greatness of the Qing

• Manchu policies provoked resistance
• Chinese to adopt Manchu dress and hairstyles
• Manchus adapted to Chinese conditions
• Kangxi (Kang Hsi, 1661-1722)
• Arguably the greatest ruler in Chinese history
• Pacified the people on the northern and western
  frontiers
• Patron of the arts
• Dominicans, Franciscans, and Jesuits

7
The Greatness of the Qing (cont.d)

• The Reign of Qianlong (1736 1795)
• Kangxis policies continued by his successors
• First signs of internal decay emerge under
  Qianlong
• Corruption in the central government led to
  unrest in rural areas
• Qing Politics
• Retained Ming political system
• Devotion to the principles of Confucianism
• Manchus only 2 percent of the population
• Manchu nobles privileges
• Bannermen
• Ethnic Chinese cannot settle in Manchuria
• Dyarchy

8
The Qing Empire in the Eighteenth Century
9
China on the Eve of the Western Onslaught

• Russian traders in Manchuria
• Refused tributary status
• Treaty of Nerchinsk, 1689
• England replaced Portugal as the dominant
  European trader in Asia
• First trading post at Canton, 1699
• Qing licensed Chinese traders
• Large amounts of silver to pay for Chinese goods
• Mission under Lord Macartney, 1793

10
Changing China

• The Population Explosion
• 70 to 80 million in 1390 to over 300 million at
  the end of the 18th century
• Long period of peace and stability
• Introduction of new crops from America (peanuts,
  sweet potatoes, and maize)
• New species of faster growing rice from Southeast
  Asia
• Seeds of Industrialization
• Trade and commerce
• Under control of the government
• Political and social prejudice against commerce
• Matteo Ricci, clocks

11
Daily Life in Qing China

• The Family
• Joint family
• Large families to maintain agriculture
• Filial piety
• Clan
• The Role of Women
• Inferior to men
• Carry on sacred rituals/govern
• Husband could divorce his wife, take second wife,
  or take on a concubine if first wife did not
  produce a male heir
• Problems that face widows
• Influential role in the family

12
Cultural Developments

• Rise of the Chinese Novel
• Colloquial style
• Sympathized with the downtrodden
• The Golden Lotus and The Dream of the Red Chamber
• Art of the Ming and Qing
• Architecture and the Imperial City in Beijing
• Decorative arts
• Artists

13
Tokugawa Japan
14
Tokugawa Japan

• The Three Great Unifiers
• Oda Nobunga (1568-1582)
• Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1582-1598)
• Osaka
• Korea
• Tokugawa Ieyasu (1598-1616)
• Opening to the West
• Portuguese arrive in 1543, begin trading
• Visitors welcome at first
• Jesuit missionaries
• Franciscans
• Expulsion of all missionaries
• Prohibited foreign trade
• Dutch at island of Hirado and Nagasaki

15
Osaka Castle
Last Headquarters of son of Toyotomi Hideyoshi,
it was seized by forces of Tokugawa Ieyasu in
1615 on the latters ascent to the shogunate
16
The Tokugawa Great Peace

• Ruled through a coalition of daimyo and a council
  of elders
• State divided into territories, han
• Daimyo had to have two residences
• Families left at Edo
• Economic problems
• Social system
• Changes with samurai system

17
Seeds of Capitalism

• Commercial expansion
• Major cities
• Consumer culture
• Impact on the samurai
• Ronin
• Land problems
• Impact on rural population
• Low population growth
• Life in the Village
• Bakufu
• Ie
• Role of women

18
Tokugawa Culture

• The Literature of the New Middle Class
• Saikaku (1642-1693)
• Theater
• Kabuki
• Basho (1644-1694)
• Hokku
• Haiku
• Tokugawa Art
• Castle building/décor and furnishings
• Influence of other cultures
• Influence of Dutch Learning
• Woodblock Printing

19
Korea The Hermit Kingdom

• Followed the Chinese model
• Yangban (aristocratic class)
• Chonmin (slaves)
• Development of phonetic alphabet, hangul
• Growing economy
• Attempts to keep Korea isolated
• Japanese invasion
• Manchu invasion
• Relatively untouched by Europeans

20
Marble Steps to the Imperial Palace

• These marble steps leading up to the Imperial
  Palace in Seoul were carved in imitation of those
  at the Imperial Palace in Beijing.

21
Discussion Questions

• How did the Manchus adapt themselves to Chinese
  conditions? How successful were they in
  establishing control over China?
• What contributed to economic change in Ming and
  Qing China? What factors limited the process of
  industrialization?
• What were the most important changes in Japanese
  society under the Tokugawa?
• In what ways was Korean society and government
  different from the Chinese and Japanese models it
  drew upon?