Inner and East Asia, 600

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Inner and East Asia, 600 1200

• Thinking Skill Gather and organize information
  and data

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I. The Early Tang Empire, 618 - 715

• A. Tang Origins
• Sui Dynasty (581 618)
• Emperor Li Shimin
• Extension of autonomy
• Allowed local nobles, gentry, officials, and
  religious establishments to exercise significant
  power
• Turkic Inner Asian-Tang Emp. And nobility
  descended from Turkic elites
• Appreciated Pastoral nomadic culture of Inner
  Asia and Chinese traditions
• Culture/military
• B. Buddhism
• and the Tang Empire
• Followed Inner Asian precedents in political use
  of Buddhism
• Presence of Buddhism, responsibility of king
• Mahayana Buddhism dominant facilitated cultural
  exchange
• Early Tang dependence on Buddhist monasteries
• Cosmopolitan - diversity, contacts with Inner
  Asia

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• C. To Changan by Land and Sea
• Roads, Grand Canal
• Tributary system
• Compass design, ocean vessels
• D. Trade and Cultural Exchange
• Cultural impact from Inner Asia/Islam
• Clothing
• Stringed instruments, food and wine
• 1000 CE exports exceeded imports balance of
  trade
• Silks, porcelain
• Increased trade traders use credit/finance
  networks

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• B. Upheavals and Repression, 750 879
• New fears of Buddhism undermining Confucianism,
  Han Yu
• Emperor Wu Zhao favored Buddhism/Daoism,
  reviled by Confucian writers
• Buddhists severed ties to this world
• 840 Tang destroyed thousands of monasteries,
  government gained new sources of revenue
• Fall of Buddhism in Tang China
• C. The End of the Tang Empire, 879 907
• Empire dependent on local military rulers/complex
  tax system
• 755 Rebellion led by General An Lushan -gt rise
  of military governors
• Prosperity but political disintegration and
  cultural decay
• 879 881 Huang Chao (gentry) led greatest
  uprising Hatred of foreigners
• Warlords wiped out rebels
• Mass migrations to the south

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Discuss the absorption and also repression of
Buddhism in China. What was the impact of these
two trends in Asian history?
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• Tang adopted many Buddhist ideas, and many of the
  Tang regions had Budd. Populations. Bud. played
  an important political function, giving emperors
  the spiritual function of creating a harmonious
  Bud. society. Bud. Monks counseled and prayed
  for leaders and contributed money

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• As the Tang political and military decline became
  reality, however, there was strong backlash
  against Bud. Tang elites blamed Bud. for
  undermining Confucian ideas of the family as the
  model for the state. Han Yus Memorial on the
  Bone of Buddha in 819 was a strong statement
  criticizing Bud. In 840 the gov.t moved to crush
  the monasteries 4,600 temples were destroyed and
  26,500 monks and nuns were converted to workers.
  This was a huge loss to Chinas cultural
  heritage.

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III. The Emergence of East Asia to 1200

• Three new states origins, beliefs
• The Liao and Jin Challenge
• Liao Empire of Khitan (916 1121) Siberia to
  Central Asia
• Pastoral traditions, importance of Buddhism to
  emperor
• Siege machines, horsemen
• 1005 Song tribute to the Liao
• Alliance with Jurchens of northeast Asia
• Destruction of Liao capital in 1115
• Southern Song (1127 1279) Song make
  payments to Jin to avoid warfare
• B. Song Industries
• INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION???
• Indian/West Asian mathematicians/astronomers
  fractions/calendars
• 1088 Su Song and giant celestial clock
• Advances in magnetic compass
• Junk ships rudder, watertight bulkheadscopied
  in Persian Gulf
• HUGE ARMY (1.25 million men) half the territory
  of the Tang
• Use of steel/iron sources in the north
• Government monopoly by 11th c. producing as
  much cast iron as 18th c. Great Britain
• Mass production

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• C. Economy and Society in Song China
• Neo Confucianism, Zhu Xi, ideal human the
  sage
• Chan Buddhism (Zen in Japan) mental discipline
• Rigorous examinations for bureaucratic offices
• Social implications of scoring well/poorly on
  exams
• Printing woodblock to moveable type
• Mass printing of books, exam materials,
  instructions on cultivation
• Agriculture south of the Yangzi River,
  plow/rakes, control of malaria
• Migration to the south, displacement of native
  people
• 1100 population in Chinese territories over 100
  million
• Large cities
• Problems in cities waste management, water
  supply, etc.
• City of Hangzhou
• Credit flying money
• Government issued paper money - inflation
• Cost of military expenditures
• Sold rights to collect taxes
• New social hierarchy based on new sources of
  wealth MODERN growth of middle class and
  private capitalism seen in 18th c. Europe
• Womens rights/education

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IV. New Kingdoms in East Asia

• Expanding Confucian world view targeted the south
• Cultivation of rice needed structured society
• Korea, Japan and Vietnam all centralized power
  during the Tang period saw Buddhism and
  Confucianism as compatible

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A. Korea

• Mountains, little agricultural land
• Early 500s - kingdom of Silla (south) power of
  landowners, Koguryo kingdom in north, after 688
  Silla ruled but needed support of Tang
• After early 900s (fall of Tang) house of Koryo
  (Korea) united peninsula alliance with the Song
• Koryo kings supported Buddhism woodblock
  printing from 700s
• Process of woodblock printing, later advances
• Koryo Founded 918, destroyed by a Mongol invasion
  1259

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• B. Japan
• Geography
• Mid 600s Yamato followed Tang government
• Wooden Architecture, Buddhism
• No walls, No Mandate of Heaven
• Unchanging Tenno dynasty, role of prime minister
  and Shinto
• Kyoto
• Fujiwara family cultural development,
  Confucianism
• Power of warriors, civil war
• Education of women The Tale of Genji
• Kamakura Shogunate Buddhism, rise of samurai

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C. Vietnam

• Red River and Mekong, irrigation systems
• Annam Confucian bureaucratic training,
  Mahayana Buddhism
• 936 Dai Viet good relations with Song
• Rivalry with Champa (south) foreign influences
• Champa and voluntary tribute Champa rice
• Confucian hierarchy differences in treatment of
  women