Human Systems

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Human Systems
CHAPTER 6

• Section 1 Economic Geography
• Section 2 Urban and Rural Geography
• Section 3 Political Geography

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Objectives
Section 1Economic Geography

• What are the three main types of economic
  systems?
• How are developed countries and developing
  countries different?

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• ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY
• how people use resources
• how they earn their living
• how products are distributed

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ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

• SECONDARY (2)
• turn resource into something (a product)
• Manufacturing
• - auto, textile

• PRIMARY (1)
• use resource as is
• Mining, Fishing, Forestry

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• QUATERNARY (4)
• process distribute information
• not tied to markets, consumers, resources or
  environment
• Scientist, Computer Programmer

• TERTIARY (3)
• provide services to people businesses
• Usually near consumers
• Clerks, Teacher

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• ECONOMIC INDICATORS
• Gross National Product (GNP) the value of all
  goods services produced by a country in one
  year, both inside outside the country
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP) the value of all
  goods services produced within a country in one
  year

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• Industrialization
• Literacy
• Infrastructure
• Telecommunications Network
• U.N. also looks at life expectancy, educational
  standards, purchasing power

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INDUSTRIALIZATION goods (standardized) for
less 18th century EUROPE (Industrial
Revolution) - moving water - cities Still
spreading today...
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Differences in levels of development
Section 1Economic Geography

• Developed countries
• high levels of industrialization
• high standards of living, education, and health
  care
• good infrastructure, with global market economies
• USA, W. Europe, Japan

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Differences in levels of development
Section 1Economic Geography

• Developing countries
• poorer nations, with lower standards of living,
  education, and health care
• based mainly on farming, with fewer jobs in
  services or manufacturing
• includes most of Africa, Asia, Central and South
  America, Pacific islands

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• ECONOMIC CATEGORIES
• INDUSTRIALIZED MAJORITY WORLD
• (developed) (developing)
• well established economic system
  economic system is not functioning
  well
• modern technology little technology
  

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• tertiary , quaternary primary secondary
  economic activities economic activities
  (subsistence farming)
• per capita GNP per capita GNP 800
  25,000
• systems of poverty, education,
  unemployment, health care few
  schools, little wealth, jobs health care

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• modern farming subsistence
  farming
• Telecommunications low literacy
• 1/4 of worlds 3/4 of worlds
  population population
• Europe, U.S.A., India , Guatemala,
• Australia, Japan N. Korea

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MIDDLE INCOME NATIONS combined aspects of
industrialized majority world nations - Brazil,
Mexico, Hungary, South Korea
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• ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
• limited in majority world nations
• foreign aid is offered...
• multinational corporations- seek labor
  materials at low cost - provide jobs
  technology
• - ? power, governance

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Little SAVINGS INVESTMENTS
Low per Capita GNP/GDP
Limited CAPITAL resources
Low PRODUCTIVITY
BUSINESS CYCLE
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Few TAXES
Low per Capita GNP/GDP
Limited education health care infrastructure
telecommunications
Primary economic activities, low literacy rate,
poor infrastructure telecommunications
COUNTRY CYCLE
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Little for family needs (YOU)
Low per Capita GNP/GDP
Lack of focus, lack of success model, living in
the now
Primary, secondary economic activities
PEOPLE CYCLE
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Three types of economic systems
Section 1Economic Geography

• traditional or subsistencepeople make goods for
  themselves and their families
• marketfree enterprise, in which people choose
  what to buy and sell
• commandgovernment makes major economic decisions

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SECTION 1
Economic Geography
Question What words or phrases describe the
three main types of economic systems?
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SECTION 1
Economic Geography
Economy
Motivator
Description
Location
People make goods for themselves or their
families with little surplus.
mostly in poor countries and rural areas
traditional or subsistence
survival
People freely choose what to buy and sell.
most of the worlds rich countries
profit
market
The government establishes products, locations,
and prices.
communist countries
government regulations
command
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• FREE ENTERPRISE/CAPITALISM (U.S.A.)
• democratic (personal freedom)
• prices determined by competition
• goods people want
  produced in abundance
• people free to search for higher wages better
  working conditions
• resources, businesses, industries(CAPITAL) are
  privately owned

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• COMMAND
• Communist
• Govt ownership control of all economic
  activities
• Govt sets wages, production, kinds amount of
  goods produced
• China, Cuba, Vietnam

PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA
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• SOCIALISM (Europe)
• democratic (personal freedom)
• both govt private ownership
• govt ownership of necessities energy,
  transportation, education, healthcare, banking
• private ownership of industries services

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Objectives
Section 2Urban and Rural Geography

• How have people used land throughout human
  history?
• How does urban geography describe human
  settlements?
• What are some of the ways people use land in
  rural areas?

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Using the land
Section 2Urban and Rural Geography

• for hunting and gathering
• for agriculture
• for cities

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SECTION 2
Urban and Rural Geography
Question How have people used land throughout
human history?
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SECTION 2
Urban and Rural Geography
Agriculture and Human History
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Urban geography
Section 2Urban and Rural Geography

• Urban geography describes urban settlements in
  various ways

• location
• size and distribution
• land use
• urban problems

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_at_ 5,000 years ago CULTURAL HEARTH
CITY LIFE URBANIZATION
URBANIZATION
Manufacturing, Communication, Education,
Government, Transportation
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Rural land use
Section 2Urban and Rural Geography

• The key economic activity is agriculture.
• subsistence
• market-oriented
• Rural land is also used for forestry, mining, and
  recreation.

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Objectives
Section 3Political Geography

• How are government and geography connected?
• What are three main types of geographic
  boundaries?
• How do conflict and cooperation affect
  international relations?

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The study of government is an important aspect of
geography.
Section 3Political Geography

• This includes
• how governments divide and control Earths
  surface
• how governments rule their people
• how governments interact
• how culture influences government

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POLITICS
TOTALITARIAN few people make decisions DEMOCRACY
all have a voice in decisions UNITED NATIONS
world organization which helps deal with problems
conflict
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SECTION 3
Political Geography
Question What are the three main types of
geographic boundaries?
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Types of geographic boundaries
Section 3Political Geography

• naturalbased on physical features
• culturalbased on culture traits
• geometricbased on regular, geometric patterns

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SECTION 3
Political Geography
Type of Boundary
Description
Example
follow a feature of the landscape
U.S.-Mexico border along the Rio Grande
natural
Spain-Portugal border
cultural
based on cultural traits such as religion or
language
geometric
follow regular, geometric patterns such as
latitude and longitude
U.S.-Canada border
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Role of conflict and cooperation in international
relations
Section 3Political Geography

• Conflict divides countries, often over issues of
  nationalism or political and economic
  differences.
• Cooperation helps solve political and economic
  problems and bring countries together.

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CHAPTER 6
Chapter Wrap-Up
1. Which type of economic activity is located at
the site of the resource being exploited? Which
activity can be located almost anywhere? 2. What
are some common measures of development? 3. How
did the development of early cities affect
peoples daily lives? 4. How do people satisfy
their basic needs with subsistence
agriculture? 5. What are some of the ways
countries interact with each other?