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Chapter 5

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Title: Chapter 5


1
Chapter 56 Atoms to Cells
Cell Theory 1. All organisms are made up of
2. The is the basic unit of
structure and function of all living things. 3.
All cells arise from Organization in
muticellular organisms 1.
Group of cells designed to do a specific
function. 2. Group
of tissues that work together. 3.
Group of organs that work together.
cells
cell
previously existing cells
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
2
Importance of cells Cells accomplish all the
tasks that an organism does. The systems in an
organisms body are designed to keep the cells
alive. There is one system in the body that does
not specifically aid cells. Which system is
it? What is the purpose of this system as far as
cells are concerned? The cell seems to be the
most important part of an organism but we will
learn that there is something inside the cell
that has the ultimate control.
reproductive
To produce more organisms with cells.
3
Animal cell
  • What are all living things made of?

cells
What part of the cell controls the cell?
nucleus
What part is only found in animal cells? It is
found in pairs and helps the cell divide.
centrioles
Ribosomes (small dots)
What part makes proteins? What part produces
energy? Controls what enters and leaves the cell?
mitochondria
Cell membrane
4
11
Cell membrane
Animal cell 2
9
lysosome
cytoplasm
mitochondria
centrioles
10
8
1
Ribosomes
nucleolus
2 dots
7
3
ER
nucleus
4
vacuole
5
6
Golgi complex
5
12
cell wall
Plant cell
11
chloroplast
9
1.mitochondria 2.ribosomes 3.endoplasmic reticulu
m 4.nucleus 5.vacuole 6.golgi complex 7.nucleolus
9.lysosomes 10.cytoplasm 11.cell membrane
10
13
1
2 dots
7
3
4
5
6
6
Cell organelle functions
Release energy for the cell.(cellular respiration)
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
  • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
  • Nucleus
  • Vacuole
  • Golgi complex
  • Nucleolus
  • Centrioles
  • Lysosomes
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membane
  • Cell wall
  • Chloroplast

Make proteins for the cell.
Channels (tunnels) that proteins travel through
to move from one part of the cell to another.
Controls cell metabolism and reproduction.
Contains genes.
Store things (food waste) very large in plants
to store waste.
Packages materials for distribution.
Structure in the nucleus which makes ribosomes.
Only found in animal cells. They help in cell
division.
Break things down in the cell.
Thin gel made mostly of water with many
chemicals dissolved in it.
Controls what moves into and out of the cell.
Provides support and structure in plant cells.
Make food for the plants by the process of
Photosynthesis.
7
Types of cells
The cells we have studied so for are
eukaryotic. There are five kingdoms of living
things you will learn about this year. Four of
these five kingdoms are eukaryotes. (Animals,
Plants, Fungi, and Protists) Eukaryotic cells
have cell organelles.
  • Eukaryotic
  • Prokaryotic

Cells of simple organisms without most cell
parts. Prokaryotes have cell walls, cell
membranes, and ribosomes. Organisms in the
kingdom Monera (bacteria) are prokaryotes.
8
Properties of living things
  • 1.
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.

Highly Organized
Reproduction
Growth and Development
Use of Energy
Respond to the Environment
Homeostasis
-keeping the inner environment of an organism
stable.
Evolutionary Adaptation
-life-forms evolve as species of organisms
interact with their environment over time.
9
In order for the cell to survive it needs food
for energy and in order for the cell to make
things, it needs small units of food that can be
put together in new ways. Organic compounds are
the materials in food that we digest and that
our cells put together in new ways to make
substances for our own bodies. The most
important elements found in organic compounds and
therefore in living things are
carbon
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
phosphorus
sulfur
Organic compounds
Compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen
together.
10
Carbohydrates
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C,H,O).
-contain the elements
-made of basic units called simple sugars or
-simple sugars can combine together to form
longer molecules called disaccharides and
polysaccharides. -provide energy to the
body. -complex carbohydrates provide energy while
training. -muscles and the liver store
carbohydrates as -plants store carbohydrates as
-plant cell walls are made of the carbohydrate
called
monosaccharides
glycogen
starch
cellulose
Lipids
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
-contain the elements
-made of basic units called
glycerol and three fatty acids.
-include fats, oils and waxes. -store energy.
11
Proteins
-contain the elements -there are hundreds of
thousands of different types -proteins are used
to build parts of your body, and to perform tasks
in your body -examples of proteins include
hemoglobin, hormones, antibodies, and
enzymes -the basic building blocks of proteins
are and there are 20 different types which are
combined together in different ways to form an
infinite variety of proteins.
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and nitrogen.
amino acids
Nucleic acids
-examples are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and
ribonucleic acid (RNA) -nucleic acids store
information and control the making of every
material in the body. -nucleic acids are made of
many nucleotides strung together.
12
Metabolism
-all the chemical reactions in an organism that
are putting things together or taking things
apart. 1. condensation (dehydration)
synthesis- 2. hydrolysis-
Putting molecules together by removing water
Breaking molecules apart by adding water
13
  • Cell membrane- layer of the cell that separates
    the inside of the cell from the
  • functions of the cell membrane
  • 1. separates the cell from its environment
  • 2. allows materials into and out of the cell
  • 3. communicates between the cell and whatever
    surrounds it
  • structure of the cell membrane
  • 1. phospholipids- have a head end that is
    attracted to water and a tail end that avoids
    water
  • - form a
  • 2. protein molecules
  • - found in the membrane
  • - help substances

Outside environment
double layered membrane
move into and out of cells
14
  • Fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane
  • - phospholipids and proteins in the cell
    membrane are in constant motion
  • - are floating in a double
    layer sea of

proteins
phospholipids
15
  • transport across the cell membrane
  • 1. ________________________- the ability of a
    cell membrane to pick and choose which
    molecules can pass through it.
  • 2. ________________- movement of molecules
  • a. diffusion- movement of molecules from
    concentrations to concentrations

Selective permeability
Passive transport
without using energy
high
low
b. osmosis- diffusion of c. plasmolysis-
occurs in cells with a cell wall -
movement of the cell membrane away from the cell
wall as water leaves the cell. 3. active
transport- movement of materials from
concentrations toward
concentrations (against the concentration
gradient) - requires
water
low
high
energy
16
energy transformations- - everything your body
does including growing, moving, digesting food
and thinking requires energy. We receive energy
from the food we eat. This energy is released by
the cells of our body when it burns food like
glucose using oxygen. The energy is released in
a controlled way so that too much heat isnt
given off. In order to do this the energy
released is immediately put into a substance
called ATP. ATP will then release the energy to
do the things your body needs to do. -
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - temporary
storage molecule for energy
17
Enzymes
- chemicals (usually proteins) in your body that
help chemical reactions to occur. - allow
chemical reactions that would normally only occur
at high temperatures to occur at normal body
temperature. -each type of chemical reaction in
the body has its own specific enzyme - enzymes
do their job over and over again without being
changed this makes them _____________. -
names of enzymes end in and they
usually are named for the substance they act
on. - ____________________ - the energy needed
to cause a chemical reaction - lowered
by enzymes
catalysts
ase
activation energy
18
Lock and key model of enzyme action
-molecules that are being put together or broken
part, also called the reactants -the molecules
that you get at the end of the reaction -the
place on the enzyme that attaches to the substrate
substrate
products
active site
19
Induced fit model of enzyme action
When the substrate moves to the active site, a
temporary of the enzyme may occur.
change in the shape
20
Enzyme functions- The two factors that greatly
affect enzyme function are
Temperature and pH
pH- the scale used to measure how acidic or basic
a substance is 0 1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
14 highly neutral highly acidic basic
cofactors or coenzymes - coenzymes are
nonproteins that help enzymes do their job -
most vitamins and some metals
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