Early Civilizations

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Early Civilizations

• Chapter 1

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Growing toward civilizations

• Earliest period of human history known as the Old
  Stone Age or Paleolithic Period
• Nomads moving from place to place searching for
  animals and edible plants
• Bands of 20 to 30 people
• Adapted to environment for survival
• Simple tools and weapons (digging sticks, spears)

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The Growth of Farming

• 10,000 years ago, nomads learn to farm
• New Stone Age or Neolithic Period
• Learned to tame once hunted animals
• Allowed meat and animal labor without leaving
  camps
• Leads to an increase in population, number of
  villages
• Warfare increases

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Beginnings of Civilizations

• Historians define eight basic features common to
  most early civilizations
• Cities (first emerge in Africa and Asia)
• Well Organized central government
• Complex religions
• Job specialization
• Social classes
• Arts and architecture
• Public works
• writing

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Beginnings of Civilizations

• Organized Governments
• Challenges of farming lead to the creation of
  city governments
• Cooperation led to building of canals and
  irrigation ditches
• Growth of Bureaucracy
• A system of managing government through
  specialized departments run by appointed
  officials

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Beginnings of Civilizations

• Social Classes
• People ranked in social classes according to
  their jobs
• Priests and Nobles at the top
• Developed pictograph writing technique
• Wealthy merchants next
• Followed by artisans (skilled craftworkers)
• Slaves were at the lowest social class

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Beginnings of Civilizations

• First Empires
• Ancient rulers gain more power, conquer lands
  outside their territory
• These rulers created Empires or a group of
  states, territories, and peoples ruled by one
  person
• Question
• Would the creation of early empires be good or
  bad for early civilizations? Explain your answer.

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First Civilizations Asia and Africa

• Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile
• 5,000 years ago, rich farming grew around the
  Nile River Valley
• To control annual floods and built reservoirs and
  irrigation ditches, farmers learned to cooperate
• Villages join into 2 kingdoms
• King Menes United both kingdoms , creating the
  worlds first unified state in 3100 BC

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Growth of Ancient Egypt

• Divided into 3 periods
• Old Kingdom (2575 BC-2130 BC)
• Pharaohs rule a strong central state
• Building of pyramids
• Middle Kingdom (1938 BC-1630 BC)
• New Kingdom (1539 BC-1075 BC)
• Egypt establishes trade and warfare to expand
  influences through cultural diffusion
• Power of Egypt declines after Ramses II

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Egyptian Civilization

• Worshiped many gods and goddesses
• Pharaoh considered a god
• Social classes
• Pharaoh
• Nobles (fought Pharaohs wars)
• Merchants and artisans
• Farmers and slaves

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The Battle for Mesopotamia

• City-State Sumer controls the fertile crescent of
  Mesopotamia
• Sumerians invent the earliest form of writing
  called cuneiform
• Akkad conquers Sumer, forms the first empire
• 1790 BC Hammurabi, king of Babylon, controls much
  of Mesopotamia, puts together the first
  collection of laws in History
• Code of Hammurabi
• 539 BC, Persian armies overthrow Babylon

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Roots of Judaism

• Hebrews occupied Mesopotamia and migrated to
  Canaan around 2000 BC
• Hebrews develop Judaism and are monotheistic
• Follow the Ten Commandments which focus on ethics
• Prophets urge Hebrews to obey Gods law
• 1000 BC, King Solomon establishes the kingdom of
  Israel
• Kingdom splits and invading armies capture both
  kingdoms
• Great Diaspora forces Jews to relocate all
  throughout the world

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Civilizations in India and China

• Civilizations grew in India and China as others
  grew along the Nile and fertile crescent
• Near river valleys
• First Indian civilization grew near the Indus
  River around 2600 BC

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Indus River Valley

• People of Indus thrived for 700 years
• Largest area covered of any in ancient times
• Two main cities
• Mohenjo-Daro
• Harappa
• Cities laid out in a grid system
• Houses had plumbing systems with baths, drains,
  and underground sewers
• 1750 BC, severe floods ravaged cities, most areas
  around the Indus Valley were abandoned by 1700 BC

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Kingdoms of the Ganges

• As people left the Indus valley, they moved to
  Northwestern India
• Aryans form a new Indian civilization in 500 BC
• Aryans made up of Indo-Europeans intermarried
  with existing Indian residents
• Form walled cities in the Ganges River Basin

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Kingdoms of the Ganges

• Aryan social class determined by occupation
• Priests
• Warriors
• Herders, farmers, artisans, and merchants
• Farm workers, servants, laborers
• Dalits, those who had to do the jobs no one else
  wanted
• Caste system formed
• social groups in which people are born and
  cannot leave

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Kingdoms of the Ganges

• Religious beliefs
• Aryans were polytheistic
• Began to move towards a belief in a single
  spiritual power beyond the normal gods
• Brahman
• Lived within all things

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Early Civilizations in China

• Long distances and physical barriers separated
  China from Egypt, the Middle East, and India
• Isolation convinces early Chinese that they are
  at the center of the Earth
• China called their land the Middle Kingdom

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Early China

• First Chinese civilization began in the Huang He
  valley during the Neolithic periods
• Controlling large river leads to cooperation,
  strong central government

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The Shang and Zhou Dynasties

• Shang come into power in Northern China about
  1650 BC
• Zhou take over in 1027 BC and lasts until 256 BC,
  creating a dynasty
• Ruling family
• Justify overthrow claiming a Mandate of Heaven
• Mandate belief leads to the idea of a dynastic
  cycle, the notion that if a ruler became corrupt,
  Heaven withdrew its support.

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Ancient Chinese Religion

• Complex religious system
• Many gods and natural spirits
• Centered around respect for ancestors
• Believed the universe reflects a balance between
  two forces, yin and yang
• Yin earth and female forces
• Yang heaven and male forces

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Chinese Science and Technology

• Studied movement of planets and recorded
  eclipses, created an accurate calendar
• Developed bronze and silkmaking
• Zhou Dynasty creates the first books, bound by
  wood or bamboo.

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Ancient Greece
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Ancient Greece

• Unlike other civilizations, The Greeks did not
  rise from a fertile river valley
• Grew from the rugged terrain of Southeastern
  Europe
• Greek city-states created a civilization that set
  the standard of excellence for later
  civilizations
• Ideas about the universe, individuals, and
  government still exist today

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Ancient Greece

• Island of Crete houses the earliest Greek
  civilization, Minoans
• Natural disaster ends civilization in 1400 BC
• Mycenaens flourish between 1400 BC to 1200 BC.
• Absorbed both Egyptian and Mesopotamian ideas,
  later passed on to later Greeks
• Known for the Trojan War
• Homers Iliad and the Odyssey

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Ancient Greece

• Rise of Greek City-States
• Greeks stepped back after Mycenaean decline
• Small isolated farms grew into small city states
• Shared common culture language, religion, and
  festivals, Constantly warred.
• Greek colonies grow throughout the Mediterranean
• City-States first ruled by a monarchy, soon power
  shifted to an aristocracy, or ruled by
  landholding elite
• Oligarchy (powerful business class) later
  controlled

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Sparta and Athens

• Sparta
• Warrior society
• Athens
• Early democracy
• Only male citizens participated

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War with the Persians

• Persian Empire attacked Greece for their support
  of the Ionian rebellion
• Battle of Marathon 490 BC
• Persia outnumbers Athens Troops 2/1
• Persian center attack engulfed and outflanked
• 6000 Persian dead, 200 dead Athenians
• Persia leaves Greece

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War with the Persians

• Persian King Darius I dies in 486 BC
• Xerxes takes over, heads back to Greece in 490 BC
• Battle of Thermopylae
• Thebes, Argos, Thessaly allies with Persians
• Athens and Sparta create Alliance
• 200,000 Persians vs 35,000 Greeks
• 370 Greek ships vs 1,000 Persian
• Narrow pass at Thermopylae was strategically
  chosen by Greek Commanders as the place to fight
  on land

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Battle of Thermopylae

• Ground forces led by Spartan king Leonidas
• Sea forces led by Thamystocles, Greek sailor
• Fight in the Artemesium Strait
• Greeks loyal to the Persians show path to
  surround Greek forces
• Leonidas orders all but 300 troops to return to
  the cities
• Battle was a technical Persian victory
• Greeks able to regroup and batter Persian Navy
• Persians lost will to fight Greece, lost the war

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The Glory that was Greece

• Greek artists, writers, and philosophers deny
  events were caused by the gods, begin to use
  observation and reason to determine causes.
• Socrates, Plato, Aristotle develop ideas about
  truth, justice, and government
• Classic style develops in art and architecture

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Alexander and the Hellenistic Age

• Greek City-States war within, King Philip of
  Macedonia built a superb army and conquered all
  of Greece
• Philip dies, 20 year old son Alexander takes over
• Greek influence spreads over the Mediterranean,
  Middle East and India.
• Blend of Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian
  cultures creates the Hellenistic Civilization
• Even though Greek power faded, ideas dominated
  kingdoms.

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Ancient Rome
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Origins of Rome

• Legend 753 B.C. Romulus Remus, twin sons of a
  princess and Mars, the god of war, raised by a
  she-wolf, start the city of Rome where they
  were abandoned on the Tiber River

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Origins of Rome

• Rome founded on the Palatine hill, one of the
  seven hills on which Rome is built
• Built in a curve of the Tiber River
• Midpoint of Italian peninsula
• Midpoint of Mediterranean
• Fertile soil

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Early Rebublic

• Etruscans become the kings of Rome
• 509 B.C. last Etruscan king driven out
• A Republic is established citizens vote for
  representatives who run the government
• Citizenship with voting rights only for free-born
  male citizens

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Early Republic

• Roman citizens split into groups
• Patricians - wealthy landowners
• Plebeians - common farmers, artisans, merchants,
  majority of population

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Early Republic

• Patricians organized Romes government into
  executive legislative branches
• Legislative branch Assembly of Centuries
  Senate
• Senate 300 patrician men, served for life, most
  power

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Early Republic

• Executive branch headed by Consuls patrician
  men elected for one year terms
• Had to consult each other before acting
• Either could veto the others decisions
• Veto Latin for I forbid
• In times of crisis a dictator could be
  temporarily appointed by consuls for six months
• Dictators word was law
• Could overrule the consuls
• Cincinnatus

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Plebeians vs Patricians

• Plebeians resented lack of power
• 494 B.C. plebeians refused to fight in army
  unless patricians gave in to demands for change
• Patricians frightened at loss of military forces
  agreed to reforms
• Patricians recognized Tribunes plebeians
  chosen representatives
• Gave tribunes the right to veto government
  decisions

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Plebeians Against Patricians

• Plebeian rights recognized by patricians
• Enslavement for debt was ended
• Marriage between plebeians and patricians was
  allowed
• Creation of written law code
• All laws engraved on 12 bronze tablets called the
  Twelve Tables
• On display in the Forum for all to see

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Roman Expansion

• Romes military success due to its strong army
• Every male citizen had to serve the military
• Used tactics of Greek phalanx warfare
• Generals realized phalanxes were too large and
  slow to be effective

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Roman Expansion

• Romans organized their army into legions
• 6000 men
• Roman generals with legions could smash phalanxes
  of their enemies

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All roads lead to Rome

• Romans set up permanent military settlements
  called coloniae throughout Italy to defend
  strategic positions
• To link the coloniae, soldiers built roads
• Some roads became major trade routes

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Punic Wars

• Carthage, founded by Phoenicians, became
  wealthiest city in the Mediterranean area
• Romans decided to stop the expansion of Carthage
• Roman wars against Carthage called the Punic Wars

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Punic Wars

• Three Punic Wars fought
• 1st Punic War war for Sicily, Rome won
• 2nd Punic War Carthaginian general Hannibal
  went through Spain and over the Alps with 40,000
  soldiers and about 40 elephants to attack Rome

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Punic Wars

• Hannibal nearly destroyed the Roman army at the
  battle of Cannae
• Roman general Scipio attacked Carthage forcing
  Hannibal and his armys recall
• Rome Defeats Carthage
• 3rd Punic War, Carthage Destroyed

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Rome in Crisis

• Rome built an empire but provinces paying
  tribute complained of corrupt officials,
  stealing provincial wealth
• Wealthy Romans seized land from small landowners
• Landowners created large estates called
  latifundia
• Labor for the latifundia was cheap because of
  slaves brought in through conquest
• By 100 B.C. 30 of population was slaves

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Republic in Crisis

• Military loyalty to the Republic broke down
• General seized power for themselves
• Soldiers were recruited for the generals
  personal armies from among the poor
• Soldiers owed loyalty to the general that hired
  them not to the Republic as citizen soldiers
  would

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The beginning of the end

• 60 B.C. Gaius Julius Caesar, 40 year old
  aristocrat, allied himself with politician
  Crassus, and military general Pompey to rule Rome
  as a triumvirate group of three people

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The Republic Collapses

• After serving as Consul for one year Caesar
  appoints himself Governor of Gaul
• Felt he needed military victories to advance his
  political career
• 58-50 B.C. Caesar led his legions to conquer all
  Gaul
• Earned the loyalty devotion of his soldiers

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The Rise of Caesar

• Senate and Pompey fear the power of Caesar, order
  him to give up army and return to Rome
• Caesar crosses the Rubicon River, begins Roman
  Civil War
• Caesars army defeats Pompey, Pompey flees to
  Egypt
• Caesar rules as an absolute ruler

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The Fall of Caesar

• March 15th, 44BC, Brutus and Cassius assassinate
  Caesar in order to save the Republic
• Octavian and Marc Antony defeat Caesars
  assassins
• Octavian declares war on Antony because of
  Cleopatra
• Marc Antony falls at the battle of Actium in 31
  BC
• Octavian changes name to Augustus Caesar, becomes
  first emperor of Rome

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Roman Emperors

• Julio-Claudian

• The Good Emperors

• Tiberius
• Caligula
• Claudius
• Nero
• Showed great promise but had great faults

• Trajan
• Hadrian
• Antonius Pius
• Marcus Aurelius

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Roman Decline

• In late AD 200s, 300s emperors attempted to
  halt the decline of the empire
• Diocletian came to power in 284
• Raised the number of legions in the army
• Decided the empire was too large for one emperor
  to govern
• Divided the empire into two administrative units

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Fall of Rome

• Diocletian tried to stop empires economic
  decline
• Froze wages and set maximum prices
• Penalty for breaking law was death
• People sold goods through illegal trade
• Theodosius
• Problems continued in the empire
• Theodosius willed that upon his death the Eastern
  and Western parts of the empire should become
  separate empires
• 395 that happened

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Fall of Rome

• Constantine took power in 312
• First Christian emperor
• Tried to continue and enforce Diocletians
  reforms
• 330 moved the capital of the eastern Empire to
  Byzantium good place for trade and changed
  the city name to Constantinople

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Fall of Rome

• Barbarian Invasions
• Germanic people moved into empire to find warmer
  climate, better grazing land
• Most came into the empire because they were
  fleeing the Huns
• After Roman Empire was divided in 395
• Eastern half known as the Byzantine Empire
• Empire included Greeks, Persians, Jews,
  Egyptians, Syrians,
• Arabs, Slavs, Turks

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• Roman Empire falls in 476 AD when German tribes
  sack Rome