KEEPING PLANTS HEALTHY

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KEEPING PLANTS HEALTHY

• CHAPTER 10
• AGRISCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

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FIVE MAJOR CATEGORIES OF PESTS

• INSECTS
• NEMATODES
• DISEASES
• WEEDS
• RODENTS

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CHARACTERISTICS OF INSECTS

• Insects have three pair of legs.
• Insects body is divided into three sections
  head, thorax and abdomen.
• The legs and wings, if any, are on the thorax.
• The abdomen usually has no attachments.

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TWO TYPES OF MOUTH PARTS

• CHEWING Bite off, chew and swallow parts of
  plants examples include cutworms, bean beetles
  and armyworms.
• SUCKING Suck sap from a plant examples include
  aphids, chinch bugs, thrips, squash bugs and
  leafhoppers.

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METAMORPHOSIS FOUR STAGES

• 1. EGG
• 2. LARVA
• 3. PUPA
• 4. ADULT
• EXAMPLES OF INSECTS WITH COMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS
  INCLUDE MOTHS AND BUTTERFLIES, BEETLES AND BOLL
  WEEVILS.

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INCOMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS

• 1. EGG
• 2. NYMPH
• 3. ADULT
• EXAMPLE IS A GRASSHOPPER

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WAYS INSECTS ARE BENEFICIAL

• IMPROVE THE SOIL - Allow air to enter the soil or
  bury decaying parts of plants ants,wild bees and
  beetles.
• HELP POLLINATE PLANTS - Spread pollen from plant
  to plant bees, butterflies, wasps and beetles.
• DESTROY INSECTS - Attack and destroy harmful
  insects lady beetles, dragon flies, wasps and
  ants.

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NEMATODES

• Nematodes are tiny worm-like organisms that live
  in the soil and attack the roots and stems of
  plants.
• Accurate identification requires laboratory
  testing.
• Nematodes are carriers of certain diseases.

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MAJOR TYPES OF PLANT DISEASES

• ENVIRONMENTAL
• 1. Nutrient deficiencies
• 2. Damage to plant parts
• 3. Chemical injuries
• 4. Pollution injuries
• 5. Weather
• 6. Naturally-occurring genetic abnormalities

• PARASITIC
• 1. Fungi
• 2. Bacteria
• 3. Viruses

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KINDS OF WEEDS

• ANNUALS - Morning glory, cocklebur, pigweed,
  crabgrass, chickweed and henbit are examples.
• BIENNIALS - Thistle and wild carrot are two
  examples.
• PERENNIALS - Dandelion, plantain, bermudagrass,
  poison ivy and johnsongrass are examples.

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PROBLEMS THAT WEEDS CAUSE

• Keep plants from growing
• Waste nutrients
• Lower quality of crop
• Make harvesting harder
• Hiding place for insects and disease
• Look bad

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RODENTSEXAMPLES OF DAMAGE

• Deer that eat soybean plants growing in a field.
• Raccoon that climb corn stalks and get roasting
  ears.
• Rabbits that bit off the tender leaves of new
  bean plants.
• Birds that eat grain from sorghum
• Rats that eat fruit growing near the ground

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CONDITIONS NEEDED FOR A PEST TO CAUSE PROBLEMS

• A PEST MUST EXIST
• A SUSCEPTIBLE PLANT
• THE RIGHT ENVIRONMENT

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WAYS THAT PESTS DAMAGE PLANTS

• Pests chew holes in plants
• Pests attack the vascular system
• Pests attack the fruit
• Pests contaminate products
• Pests rob plants of food
• Pests damage land

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HOW DAMAGE AFFECTS THE PRODUCER

• Reduced yields
• Lower quality
• Increased production costs
• Hiding place for pests
• Restrict Marketing

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WAYS TO PREVENT PEST PROBLEMS

• Use good seed
• Destroy diseased plants
• Use the right fertilizer
• Disinfect equipment
• Use good water
• Control animal movement
• Use chemicals properly
• Use tests to check for pests

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MECHANICAL METHODS OF PEST CONTROL

• PLOWING
• MOWING
• MULCHING

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CULTURAL PRACTICES

• ROTATE CROPS
• ROGUING
• TRAP CROPPING
• BURNING
• USE RESISTANT VARIETIES
• CLEAN AROUND FIELDS

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PESTICIDES

• Chemicals used to control pest.
• Insecticides - controls insects
• Nematocides - controls nematodes
• Fungicides - controls fungi
• Bactericides - used to control bacteria
• Herbicides - used to control weeds

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TYPES OF INSECTICIDES

• STOMACH POISONS - Eaten by the insect
• CONTACT POISONS - Absorbed through the insects
  skin.
• SYSTEMIC POISONS - Poison is absorbed by the
  plant and when insects bites or sucks its juice,
  it gets poison.
• FUMIGANTS - Enters the insects body through the
  respiratory system.

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TYPES OF HERBICIDES

• SELECTIVE HERBICIDES - Will only kill certain
  kinds of plants.
• NON-SELECTIVE HERBICIDES - Used to kill all
  vegetation where they are applied.
• TRANSLOCATED HERBICIDES - Absorbed into the plant
  and moved all through its parts upset the growth
  process of weeds.

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NON-CHEMICAL MEANS OF CONTROLLING PESTS

• BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL - Using living organisms
  to control pests.
• GENETIC METHODS - Develop crops that are
  resistant to pests

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IPM

• Integrated pest management is a planned process
  for controlling pests.
• Involves using a blend of pest control techniques
  in a planned program.
• Field of crops is managed as an ecosystem.
• IPM has fewer adverse effects on the environment.

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SAFETY PRACTICES IN PEST CONTROL

• Use only approved pesticides
• Know the pesticide
• Use the pesticide with low toxicity
• Use pesticides only when needed
• Do not contaminate resources
• Wear protective clothing

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SAFETY PRACTICES IN PEST CONTROL

• Wash the skin after contact
• Dispose of empty containers properly
• Apply in good weather
• Use the right equipment
• Know the emergency measures