Chemistry 102 BIOCHEMISTRY OUTLINE FOR PROTEINS

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Chemistry 102BIOCHEMISTRYOUTLINE FOR
PROTEINS
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• 1. POLYMER Polypeptide
• 2. MONOMER Amino Acids
• 3. BOND(S)
• Peptide, Hydrogen, Electrostatic, Disulfide
• 4. STRUCTURES Describe
• a. A Single Amino Acid
• A Peptide Bond
• Primary (1o) Exact Sequence of Amino Acids
• d. Secondary (2o ) a - Helix or b-Pleats
  (Hydrogen Bonding)
• e. Tertiary (3o ) Coiling and Bending of a -
  Helix (3-D Shape)
• f. Quaternary (4o ) Aggregation of
  Sub-Units(Biologically Active)

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• 5. FUNCTIONS
• a. Biological Catalysts Enzymes
• b. Transport Oxygen, Iron, Amino Acids,
  Fatty Acids
• c. Regulation Hormones/Short Polypeptides
• d. Storage Non-Carbohydrate/Non-Lipid
• e. Structural Connective Tissue
• f. Movement Muscles g. Defense
  Immunity
• 6. EXAMPLES
• a. Chymotrypsin
• b. Hemoglobin
• c. Insulin
• d. Albumin
• e. Collagen
• f. Actin/Myosin
• g. IgG, IgM, IgA
• 7. CHARACTERISTICS The structure of the
  molecule determines the function of the
  molecule. Globular proteins are soluble in
  water. Fibrous proteins are insoluble in water.
  They are extremely diverse in both structure and
  function.

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Chemistry 102BIOCHEMISTRYOUTLINE FOR
CARBOHYDRATES
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• 1. POLYMER Polysaccharide
• 2. MONOMER Monosaccharide
• 3. BOND(S)
• Glycosidic, Ether, Hydrogen
• 4. STRUCTURES Describe
• a. A Glucose - Like Monosaccharide
• A Fructose - Like Monosaccharide
• c. Lactose (Galactose-O-Glucose)
• Sucrose (Glucose-O-Fructose)
• Maltose (Glucose-O-Glucose)

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• 5. FUNCTIONS
• a. Provide Energy
• b. Store Energy
• c. Provide Structure Cell Walls of Bacteria
  and Plants
• d. Permeability of Cell Membranes
• e. Taste(Sweet)
• 6. EXAMPLES
• a. Glucose
• b. Glycogen
• c. Cellulose
• d. Glycoproteins
• e. Sucrose
• 7. CHARACTERISTICS Carbohydrates are the most
  abundant class of biological molecule. The
  bulk of carbohydrates are produced by
  photosynthesis from plants. They are for the
  most part polyalcohols which hydrogen
  bond making them extremely soluble in water.
  They are usually crystalline and hard and become
  sticky when water is added.

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Chemistry 102BIOCHEMISTRYOUTLINE FOR
LIPIDS
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• 1. POLYMER Lipids
• 2. MONOMER Fatty Acids
• 3. BOND(S) Ester, Phosphoester, Hydrogen
• 4. STRUCTURE Describe
• a. A Fatty Acid
• b. A Triacylglycerol (Triglyceride)
• c. A Phosphoglyceride (Phosphodiglyceride)
• d. A Cell Membrane (Phospholipid Bi-layer)
• e. A Sterol Ring (Cholesterol or Vitamin D)

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• 5. FUNCTIONS
• a. Membrane Structure
• b. Store Energy
• c. Regulation and Transport
• d. Brain and Nerve Transmission
• e. Cleansing Agents
• 6. EXAMPLES
• a. Phosphoglycerides
• b. Triacylglycerols
• c. Cholesterol
• d. Sphingomyelin
• e. Soaps/Detergents
• 7. CHARACTERISTICS Pure lipids are insoluble in
  water due to their non-polar nature. Some lipids
  are partially soluble in water due to their
  partial polar nature. Some lipids are
  bifunctional because they have both polar and
  non-polar regions. Lipids give taste to meat
  which is referred to as marbling. Next to
  proteins lipids are next most diverse type of
  macromolecule.

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Chemistry 102BIOCHEMISTRYOUTLINE FOR
NUCLEIC ACIDS
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• 1. POLYMER Polynucleotide
• 2. MONOMER Mononucleotide
• 3. BOND(S) Phosphodiester, Covalent, Hydrogen
• 4. STRUCTURES Describe
• a. A Nitrogenous Base (Adenine, Guanine,
  Thymine, Cytosine)
• b. A Nucleotide Triphosphate (ATP, GTP, TTP,CTP)
  
• c. A Ribose or Deoxyribose Sugar
• d. A Single-Stranded RNA Molecule
• e. A Double-Stranded DNA Molecule

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• 5. FUNCTIONS
• a. Informational (DNA in the nucleus of the
  cell)
• b. Transformational (RNA mostly in the
  cytoplasm)
• c. Provide Energy
• d. Transfer Energy
• e. Metabolism
• 6. EXAMPLES
• a. DNA
• b. m-,r- t-RNA
• c. ATP
• d. GTP
• e. UTP, CTP TTP
• 7. CHARACTERISTICS Thymine is found only in
  DNA, while uracil is found only in RNA. DNA is
  double-stranded, while RNA is single-stranded.
  DNA is relatively large, while RNA is relatively
  small. DNA is found only in the nucleus of the
  cell, while RNA is found in both the nucleus and
  cytoplasm. The genetic code is based on
  three-base-pair codons which code for amino
  acids.