Overview

1
Overview

• Asexual (one parent)
• fission (parent separation)
• budding (corals)
• gemmules (porifera)
• fragmentation regeneration (inverts)
• Sexual (fusion of haploid gametes)
• gametes (sex cells)
• zygote (fertilized egg)
• ovum (unfertilized egg)
• spermatozoon (male gamete)

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• Animal Reproduction Development
• (Chapter 46 47)

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Introductory Question 4

• Key Pages to review
• Ch 46 pgs 964-965, 967, 970, 971, 974 976
• Ch. 47 pgs 989-995
• 1) Name three forms of asexual reproduction and
  give an example of an organism that does it.
• Name five structures found in the human male and
  five structures in the human female. Name the
  cell that produces testosterone and other
  androgens in the human male.
• How is oogenesis different from spermatogenesis?
  (pgs. 974-975)
• Looking at figures a-e on pg 976, when LH levels
  peak what is going on in regards to the uterine
  lining (e) and ovulation (c)? What structures
  produce progesterone estrogen? What do these
  two hormones promote?
• Name the four phases of the menstrual cycle. At
  what point does ovulation occur?
• What does IVF stand for? Name three effective
  forms of birth control.
• How is the acrosomal and cortical reactions
  different in the fertilization process? (Pgs
  988-989ch. 47) which process releases calcium?
• In the development process how is the morula
  stage different from the blastula stage?
• How is a protostome different from a
  deueterostome? Which one are we?
• From the three tissue (germ) layers that form
  during development, which layers does the brain
  and spinal cord form from? (see pg. 999) What
  about your glands endocrine system?

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Female Reproductive Structures
5
The Menstrual Cycle in Females
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Oogenesis

• As embryo until menopause...
• Ovaries
• Primordial germ cells (2N)
• Oogonium (2N)
• Primary oocyte (2N)
• Between birth puberty prophase I of meiosis
• Puberty FSH completes meiosis I
• Secondary oocyte (1N) polar body
• Meiosis II stimulated by fertilization
• Ovum (1N) 2nd polar body

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Internal Anatomy of the Male
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Spermatogenesis

• Puberty until death!
• Seminiferous tubules location
• Primordial germ cell (2n) differentiate into.
• Spermatogonium (2n) sperm precursor
• Repeated mitosis into.
• Primary spermatocyte (2n)
• 1st meiotic division
• Secondary spermatocyte (n)
• 2nd meiotic division
• Spermatids (n)Sertoli cells.
• Sperm cells (n)

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Embryonic Development/Fertilization

• Preformation until 18th century miniature
  infant in sperm or egg
• At fertilization/conception
• Acrosomal reaction hydrolytic enzyme action on
  egg jelly coat.
• Fast block to polyspermy membrane depolarization
  prevents multiple fertilizations.
• Cortical reaction release of calcium causes
  hardening of egg outer layer and creates a...
• Slow block to polyspermy and...
• Egg activation increases metabolic activity
  protein synthesis

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Fertilization
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Ch. 46 47 - Reproductive Development

• Name two adaptive advantages associated with
  having separate sexes (sexually reproducing).
  How does this compare with asexual reproduction?
• Embryonic development involves three mechanisms
• __________, ___________, and _____________.
• Name two unique structures seen only in females
  and two structures only found in males.
• Important Text Pages pg.
• Write the title for each segment and FIVE
  statements for each segment.

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Reproductive Cycles

• Parthenogenesis unfertilized egg
  development haploid, sterile adults (honeybees)
• Hermaphroditism both male female
  reproductive systems sessile burrowing
  organisms (earthworms)
• Sequential hermaphroditism reversal of gender
  during lifetime protogynous (female 1st)
• protandrous (male 1st)

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Mechanisms of sexual reproduction

• Fertilization (union of sperm and
  egg)  external  internal
• Pheromones chemical signals that
  influence the behavior of others (mate
  attractants)

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Mammalian Reproduction

• The Human Male
• Testes male gonads
• Seminiferous tubules sperm formation
• Leydig cells hormone production
• Scrotum outside body temp.
• Epididymis sperm development
• Vas deferens sperm propulsion
• Seminal vesicles semen
• Prostate gland anticoagulant nutrients
• Bulbourethral glands acid neutralizer
• Penis/urethra semen delivery

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Meiosis in the Testes
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Mammalian Reproduction

• The Human Female
• Ovaries female gonads
• Follicle egg capsule
• Corpus luteum hormone secretion
• Oviduct fertilization
• Uterus/endometrium womb/lining
• Cervix/vagina sperm receptacle

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The Fertilized Egg Cleavage

• Blastomeres resultant cells of cleavage/mitosis
• Yolk nutrients stored in the egg
• Vegetal pole side of egg with high yolk
  concentration
• Animal pole side of egg with low yolk
  concentration
• Morulasolid ball of cells
• Blastocoelfluid-filled cavity in morula
• Blastulahollow ball stage of development

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Stages of Development
Germ layers Mesoderm- middle Ectoderm-
outer Endoderm- inner
Mouth-----Protostome Anus-----Deuterostome
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Protostome vs. Deuterostome
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Gastrulation
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Development Movement of tissue Layers
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Gastrulation

• Gastrula 2 layered, cup-shaped embryonic stage
• 3 Embryonic germ layers
• Ectoderm outer layer epidermis nervous system,
  etc.
• Endoderm inner layer digestive tract and
  associated organs respiratory, etc.
• Mesodermskeletal muscular excretory, etc.
• Invagination gastrula buckling process to create
  the...
• Archenteron primitive gut
• Blastopore open end of archenteron

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Organogenesis organ formation

• Blastodisc cap of cells on top of yolk
• Primitive streak invagination of blastodisc
• Neural tube beginning of spinal cord
• Somites vertebrae and skeletal muscles
• Neural crest bones and muscles of skull

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Amniote embryos

• Extraembryonic membranes yolk sac (support
  circulatory function) amnion (fluid-filled sac
  protection) chorion (placenta
  formation) allantois (nitrogenous waste)

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Infertility IVF Procedure

• Video Segment (2nd)-Cycles of Life