Carboxylic acids RCOOH

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Carboxylic acids R-COOH

• Nomenclature
• A) IUPAC
• - ???? ??? alkane ????? ??? e ???????? ?? oic
  acid.
• Alkane alkanoic acid
• ?? ?????? ????? -COOH ???? 1.

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B) Common name
- ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????
a ? ß ? ? ? d
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Nomeclature of some aromatic acids
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Preparation of carboxylic acids(1) Oxidation of
1ry alcohols or aldehydes
Oxidizing agent may KMnO4, K2Cr2O7
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(2) From Grignard reagent
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(3Oxidation of alkyl benzene
4) Hydrolysis of nitrilesNitrile means compounds
containing CN
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- ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???
????? ????? ??????
e.g. convert n-propanol to butanoic acid
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(5)From olefins (alkenes)
(6) From acetylenes
(7) Haloform reaction
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Reaction of carboxylic acids

• 1) Formation of salts

2) Formation of ester
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3) Decarboxylation
Q. convert toluene into 1,3,5 trinitrobenzene(TNB(
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4) Reduction

• 5) Conversion of acid-to-acid chloride

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7) Conversion of acid to amides
8) Kolb electrolysis
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9) Substitution reactions of carboxylic acidsIN
aliphatic acidHell-Volhard-Zeliniki reaction

• It occurs in aliphatic acid at a-position

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Other example
???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? Br2

• B) Aromatic acid COOH is m-directing group.

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10)Hunsdiecker reaction
this is one way of shorting the carbon chain
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Derivative of carboxylic acids (1) Acid halide

• Nomecalture

• ???????? ??? e ?? ??? alkane ? oyl halide

Alkane alkanoyl halide
- ?? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ic ? yl chloride
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Preparations1-From acids
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2- From Aldhydes

• Chemical reactions

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Reaction of acid chloride with R-MgX
(2) Acid anhydride

• ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????
  anhydride

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Preparation1-From acid chloride
(2) From acetylene
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(3) From ketene

• Chemical reactions

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(3) Amide
??????? ??? ???? ??? alkane ??????? ??? ??? e
????????? ?? amide ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? oic
?????????? ? amide
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Preparation of amides
(1) From acid chloride, anhydride, ester
(2) From nitriles
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• Chemical reactions

(1 Hydrolysis
2) Hofmann degradation of amide
Q. Convert acetic acid to methyl amine. ???????
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3) Dehydration
4 ) Action of nitrous acid
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(4) Esters
??????? ??? ?????? 1- ??? ??? R 2- ??? ???
????? ??????? ??? -ic ??????? ???? ate
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Preparation
Reactions of esters
Reaction with Grignard to form t-alc.
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Claisen condensation of ester
Mechanism