Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

1
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• I. Nutrients
• A. What are nutrients?
• B. Where do nutrients come from?
• C. How do organisms obtain nutrients?
• 1. Plants
• 2. Animals
• 3. Decomposers
• D. Essential nutrients

2
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• I. Nutrients
• A. What are nutrients? Chemical elements
  required for _____, ______, and _________.
• B. Where do nutrients come from?
• C. How do organisms obtain nutrients?
• 1. Plants
• 2. Animals
• 3. Decomposers
• D. Essential nutrients

3
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• I. Nutrients
• A. What are nutrients? Chemical elements
  required for survival, growth, and
  reproduction.
• B. Where do nutrients come from?
• C. How do organisms obtain nutrients?
• 1. Plants
• 2. Animals
• 3. Decomposers
• D. Essential nutrients

4
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• I. Nutrients
• A. What are nutrients? Chemical elements
  required for survival, growth, and reproduction.
  The building blocks for living organisms.
• B. Where do nutrients come from?
• C. How do organisms obtain nutrients?
• 1. Plants
• 2. Animals
• 3. Decomposers
• D. Essential nutrients

5
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• I. Nutrients
• A. What are nutrients? Chemical elements
  required for survival, growth, and reproduction.
  The building blocks for living organisms.
• B. Where do nutrients come from?
• 1. The original sources
• 2. The immediate source of most nutrients

6
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• I. Nutrients
• A. What are nutrients? Chemical elements
  required for survival, growth, and reproduction.
  The building blocks for living organisms.
• B. Where do nutrients come from?
• 1. The original sources. Bedrock of Earth
  (lithosphere) atmosphere.
• 2. The immediate source of most nutrients

7
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• I. Nutrients
• A. What are nutrients? Chemical elements
  required for survival, growth, and reproduction.
  The building blocks for living organisms.
• B. Where do nutrients come from?
• 1. The original sources. Bedrock of Earth
  (lithosphere) atmosphere.
• 2. The immediate source of most nutrients.
  Nutrients recycled from other organisms
  (living or dead).

8
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• I. Nutrients
• A. What are nutrients? Chemical elements
  required for survival, growth, and reproduction.
  The building blocks for living organisms.
• B. Where do nutrients come from?
• 1. The original sources. Bedrock of Earth
  (lithosphere) atmosphere.
• 2. The immediate source of most nutrients.
  Nutrients recycled from other organisms
  (living or dead).
• C. How do organisms obtain nutrients?
• 1. Plants
• 2. Animals
• 3. Decomposers

9
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• I. Nutrients
• C. How do organisms obtain nutrients?
• 1. Plants - Take up inorganic mineral
  elements from the soil solution and a few
  from the air (C,H,O,N,S).
• 2. Animals
• 3. Decomposers

10
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• I. Nutrients
• C. How do organisms obtain nutrients?
• 1. Plants - Take up inorganic mineral
  elements from the soil solution and a few
  from the air (C,H,O,N,S).
• 2. Animals - Obtain most nutrients directly
  from living or dead organic matter.
• 3. Decomposers

11
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• I. Nutrients
• C. How do organisms obtain nutrients?
• 1. Plants - Take up inorganic mineral
  elements from the soil solution and a few
  from the air (C,H,O,N,S).
• 2. Animals - Obtain most nutrients directly
  from living or dead organic matter. Also
  take up some O from the air and Na, Cl, K,
  Mg, Ca as inorganic elements.
• 3. Decomposers

12
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• I. Nutrients
• C. How do organisms obtain nutrients?
• 1. Plants - Take up inorganic mineral
  elements from the soil solution and a few
  from the air (C,H,O,N,S).
• 2. Animals - Take in most nutrients directly
  from living or dead organic matter. Also
  take up some O from the air and Na, Cl, K,
  Mg, Ca as inorganic elements.
• 3. Decomposers - Break down complex organic
  structures and molecules to make nutrients
  available to other organisms.

13
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• I. Nutrients
• C. How do organisms obtain nutrients?
• 1. Plants - Take up inorganic mineral
  elements from the soil solution and a few
  from the air (C,H,O,N,S).
• 2. Animals - Take in most nutrients directly
  from living or dead organic matter. Also
  take up some O from the air and Na, Cl, K,
  Mg, Ca as inorganic elements.
• 3. Decomposers - Break down complex organic
  structures and molecules to make nutrients
  available to other organisms.
• Examples

14
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• I. Nutrients
• C. How do organisms obtain nutrients?
• 1. Plants - Take up inorganic mineral
  elements from the soil solution and a few
  from the air (C,H,O,N,S).
• 2. Animals - Take in most nutrients directly
  from living or dead organic matter. Also
  take up some O from the air and Na, Cl, K,
  Mg, Ca as inorganic elements.
• 3. Decomposers - Break down complex organic
  structures and molecules to make nutrients
  available to other organisms. Examples
  fungi, bacteria,

15
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• I. Nutrients
• C. How do organisms obtain nutrients?
• 1. Plants - Take up inorganic mineral
  elements from the soil solution and a few
  from the air (C,H,O,N,S).
• 2. Animals - Take in most nutrients directly
  from living or dead organic matter. Also
  take up some O from the air and Na, Cl, K,
  Mg, Ca as inorganic elements.
• 3. Decomposers - Break down complex organic
  structures and molecules to make nutrients
  available to other organisms. Examples
  fungi, bacteria, earthworms, termites, beetles,
  mites, nematodes.

16
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• I. Nutrients
• C. How do organisms obtain nutrients?
• 1. Plants - Take up inorganic mineral
  elements from the soil solution and a few
  from the air (C,H,O,N,S).
• 2. Animals - Take in most nutrients directly
  from living or dead organic matter. Also
  take up some O from the air and Na, Cl, K,
• Mg, Ca as inorganic elements.
• 3. Decomposers - Break down complex organic
  structures and molecules to make nutrients
  available to other organisms. Examples
  fungi, bacteria, earthworms, termites, beetles,
  mites, nematodes. All animals initiate the
  process of decomposition by producing urine
  and feces.

17
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• I. Nutrients
• C. How do organisms obtain nutrients?
• 3. Decomposers - Break down complex organic
  structures and molecules to make nutrients
  available to other organisms. Examples
  fungi, bacteria, earthworms, termites, beetles,
  mites, nematodes. All animals initiate the
  process of decomposition by producing urine
  and feces.
• D. Essential nutrients (FIG. 1)
• 1. Macronutrients vs micronutrients
• 2. Different requirements for plants and
  animals

18
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• I. Nutrients
• C. How do organisms obtain nutrients?
• 3. Decomposers - Break down complex organic
  structures and molecules to make nutrients
  available to other organisms. Examples
  fungi, bacteria, earthworms, termites, beetles,
  mites, nematodes. All animals initiate the
  process of decomposition by producing urine
  and feces.
• D. Essential nutrients (FIG. 1)
• 1. Macronutrients vs micronutrients
• a. Macronutrients -
• b. Micronutrients -

19
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• I. Nutrients
• C. How do organisms obtain nutrients?
• 3. Decomposers - Break down complex organic
  structures and molecules to make nutrients
  available to other organisms. Examples
  fungi, bacteria, earthworms, termites, beetles,
  mites, nematodes. All animals initiate the
  process of decomposition by producing urine
  and feces.
• D. Essential nutrients (FIG. 1)
• 1. Macronutrients vs micronutrients
• a. Macronutrients - required in fairly
  large quantities (gt1000 ppm)
• b. Micronutrients -

20
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• I. Nutrients
• C. How do organisms obtain nutrients?
• 3. Decomposers - Break down complex organic
  structures and molecules to make nutrients
  available to other organisms. Examples
  fungi, bacteria, earthworms, termites, beetles,
  mites, nematodes. All animals initiate the
  process of decomposition by producing urine
  and feces.
• D. Essential nutrients (FIG. 1)
• 1. Macronutrients vs micronutrients
• a. Macronutrients - required in fairly
  large quantities (gt1000 ppm)
• b. Micronutrients - required in smaller
  quantities (lt 1000 ppm)

21
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• I. Nutrients
• C. How do organisms obtain nutrients?
• 3. Decomposers - Break down complex organic
  structures and molecules to make nutrients
  available to other organisms. Examples
  fungi, bacteria, earthworms, termites, beetles,
  mites, nematodes. All animals initiate the
  process of decomposition by producing urine
  and feces.
• D. Essential nutrients (FIG. 1)
• 1. Macronutrients vs micronutrients
• a. Macronutrients - required in fairly
  large quantities (gt1000 ppm)
• b. Micronutrients - required in smaller
  quantities (lt 1000 ppm) but are just
  as important as macronutrients.

22
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• I. Nutrients
• C. How do organisms obtain nutrients?
• 3. Decomposers - Break down complex organic
  structures and molecules to make nutrients
  available to other organisms. Examples
  fungi, bacteria, earthworms, termites, beetles,
  mites, nematodes. All animals initiate the
  process of decomposition by producing urine
  and feces.
• D. Essential nutrients (FIG. 1)
• 1. Macronutrients vs micronutrients
• a. Macronutrients - required in fairly
  large quantities (gt1000 ppm)
• b. Micronutrients - required in smaller
  quantities (lt 1000 ppm) but are just
  as important as macronutrients. Can be toxic in
  excess.

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Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• I. Nutrients
• D. Essential nutrients (FIG. 1)
• 1. Macronutrients vs micronutrients
• a. Macronutrients - required in fairly
  large quantities (gt1000 ppm)
• b. Micronutrients - required in smaller
  quantities (lt 1000 ppm) but are just
  as important as macronutrients. Can be toxic in
  excess.
• 2. Different requirements for plants and
  animals

25
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• I. Nutrients
• D. Essential nutrients (FIG. 1)
• 1. Macronutrients vs micronutrients
• a. Macronutrients - required in fairly
  large quantities (gt1000 ppm)
• b. Micronutrients - required in smaller
  quantities (lt 1000 ppm) but are just
  as important as macronutrients. Can be toxic in
  excess.
• 2. Different requirements for plants and
  animals

26
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• I. Nutrients
• D. Essential nutrients (FIG. 1)
• 1. Macronutrients vs micronutrients
• a. Macronutrients - required in fairly
  large quantities (gt1000 ppm)
• b. Micronutrients - required in smaller
  quantities (lt 1000 ppm) but are just
  as important as macronutrients. Can be toxic in
  excess.
• 2. Different requirements for plants and
  animals
• For plants, Na not required Cl is a
  micronutrient

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Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• I. Nutrients
• D. Essential nutrients (FIG. 1)
• 1. Macronutrients vs micronutrients
• a. Macronutrients - required in fairly
  large quantities (gt1000 ppm)
• b. Micronutrients - required in smaller
  quantities (lt 1000 ppm) but are just
  as important as macronutrients. Can be toxic in
  excess.
• 2. Different requirements for plants and
  animals
• For plants, Na not required Cl is a
  micronutrient
• For plants, I Se not required Co
  required only by plants with N-fixing
  bacteria.

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Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• I. Nutrients
• D. Essential nutrients (FIG. 1)
• 1. Macronutrients vs micronutrients
• a. Macronutrients - required in fairly
  large quantities (gt1000 ppm)
• b. Micronutrients - required in smaller
  quantities (lt 1000 ppm) but are just
  as important as macronutrients. Can be toxic in
  excess.
• 2. Different requirements for plants and
  animals
• For plants, Na not required Cl is a
  micronutrient
• For plants, I Se not required Co
  required only by plants with N-fixing
  bacteria.
• Diatoms and horsetails require Si. Some
  ferns require Al.

31
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• I. Nutrients
• D. Essential nutrients (FIG. 1)
• 2. Different requirements for plants and
  animals
• For plants, Na not required Cl is a
  micronutrient
• For plants, I Se not required Co
  required only by plants with N-fixing
  bacteria.
• Diatoms and horsetails require Si. Some
  ferns require Al.
• In general, requirements are quite
  similar for all organisms!

32
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• A. Factors affecting the availability in soils
• B. Plant uptake of nutrients
• C. Symbiotic associations
• D. Nutrient deficiencies in plants

33
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• A. Factors affecting the availability in soils
• 1. Physical characteristics of the soil (FIG.
  2)
• 2. pH (FIG. 3)
• 3. Soil water content
• B. Plant uptake of nutrients
• C. Symbiotic associations
• D. Nutrient deficiencies in plants

34
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• A. Factors affecting the availability in soils
• 1. Physical characteristics of the soil (FIG.
  2). Texture (proportion of sand, silt, and
  clay).
• 2. pH (FIG. 3)
• 3. Soil water content

35
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• A. Factors affecting the availability in soils
• 1. Physical characteristics of the soil (FIG.
  2). Texture (proportion of sand, silt, and
  clay). Amount of colloids (clay humus) to
  attract cations like Ca, Mg, K, NH4 for
  plants to absorb.
• 2. pH (FIG. 3)
• 3. Soil water content

36
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• A. Factors affecting the availability in soils
• 1. Physical characteristics of the soil (FIG.
  2). Texture (proportion of sand, silt, and
  clay). Amount of colloids (clay humus) to
  attract cations like Ca, Mg, K, NH4 for
  plants to absorb. Humus decomposed
  organic matter.
• 2. pH (FIG. 3)
• 3. Soil water content

37
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• A. Factors affecting the availability in soils
• 1. Physical characteristics of the soil (FIG.
  2). Texture (proportion of sand, silt, and
  clay). Amount of colloids (clay humus) to
  attract cations like Ca, Mg, K, NH4 for
  plants to absorb. Humus decomposed
  organic matter. Soils with many colloids have
  high cation exchange capacity (CEC).
• 2. pH (FIG. 3)
• 3. Soil water content

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39
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• A. Factors affecting the availability in soils
• 1. Physical characteristics of the soil (FIG.
  2). Texture (proportion of sand, silt, and
  clay). Amount of colloids (clay humus) to
  attract cations like Ca, Mg, K, NH4 for
  plants to absorb. Humus decomposed
  organic matter. Soils with many colloids have
  high cation exchange capacity (CEC).
• 2. pH (FIGS. 2,3)
• 3. Soil water content

40
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• A. Factors affecting the availability in soils
• 1. Physical characteristics of the soil (FIG.
  2). Texture (proportion of sand, silt, and
  clay). Amount of colloids (clay humus) to
  attract cations like Ca, Mg, K, NH4 for
  plants to absorb. Humus decomposed
  organic matter. Soils with many colloids have
  high cation exchange capacity (CEC).
• 2. pH (FIGS. 2,3) Positively charged
  nutrients (cations) like Ca, Mg, and K are
  leached from acidic soils.
• 3. Soil water content

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Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• A. Factors affecting the availability in soils
• 1. Physical characteristics of the soil (FIG.
  2). Texture (proportion of sand, silt, and
  clay). Amount of colloids (clay humus) to
  attract cations like Ca, Mg, K, NH4 for
  plants to absorb. Humus decomposed
  organic matter. Soils with many colloids have
  high cation exchange capacity (CEC).
• 2. pH (FIGS. 2,3) Positively charged
  nutrients (cations) like Ca, Mg, and K are
  leached from acidic soils. Neutral soils best
  for availability of most nutrients.
• 3. Soil water content

43
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45
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• A. Factors affecting the availability in soils
• 1. Physical characteristics of the soil (FIG.
  2). Texture (proportion of sand, silt, and
  clay). Amount of colloids (clay humus) to
  attract cations like Ca, Mg, K, NH4 for
  plants to absorb. Humus decomposed
  organic matter. Soils with many colloids have
  high cation exchange capacity (CEC).
• 2. pH (FIGS. 2,3) Cation nutrients like Ca,
  Mg, and K are leached from acidic soils.
  Neutral soils best for availability of most
  nutrients.
• 3. Soil water content

46
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• A. Factors affecting the availability in soils
• 2. pH (FIGS. 2,3) Cation nutrients like Ca,
  Mg, and K are leached from acidic soils.
  Neutral soils best for availability of most
  nutrients.
• 3. Soil water content. Nutrients are carried
  in the soil solution so dry soils mean a
  shortage of water and nutrients.

47
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• A. Factors affecting the availability in soils
• 2. pH (FIGS. 2,3) Cation nutrients like Ca,
  Mg, and K are leached from acidic soils.
  Neutral soils best for availability of most
  nutrients.
• 3. Soil water content. Nutrients are carried
  in the soil solution so dry soils mean a
  shortage of water and nutrients.
• B. Plant uptake of nutrients

48
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• A. Factors affecting the availability in soils
• 2. pH (FIGS. 2,3) Cation nutrients like Ca,
  Mg, and K are leached from acidic soils.
  Neutral soils best for availability of most
  nutrients.
• 3. Soil water content. Nutrients are carried
  in the soil solution so dry soils mean a
  shortage of water and nutrients.
• B. Plant uptake of nutrients
• Plants have many very small roots and millions
  of root hairs.

49
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• A. Factors affecting the availability in soils
• 2. pH (FIGS. 2,3) Cation nutrients like Ca,
  Mg, and K are leached from acidic soils.
  Neutral soils best for availability of most
  nutrients.
• 3. Soil water content. Nutrients are carried
  in the soil solution so dry soils mean a
  shortage of water and nutrients.
• B. Plant uptake of nutrients
• Plants have many very small roots and millions
  of root hairs. Nutrient uptake is active
  process requiring energy.

50
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• A. Factors affecting the availability in soils
• 2. pH (FIGS. 2,3) Cation nutrients like Ca,
  Mg, and K are leached from acidic soils.
  Neutral soils best for availability of most
  nutrients.
• 3. Soil water content. Nutrients are carried
  in the soil solution so dry soils mean a
  shortage of water and nutrients.
• B. Plant uptake of nutrients
• Plants have many very small roots and millions
  of root hairs. Nutrient uptake is active
  process requiring energy. Mobile nutrients
  (nitrate, Ca, Mg) move easily to the roots.

51
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• A. Factors affecting the availability in soils
• 2. pH (FIGS. 2,3) Cation nutrients like Ca,
  Mg, and K are leached from acidic soils.
  Neutral soils best for availability of most
  nutrients.
• 3. Soil water content. Nutrients are carried
  in the soil solution so dry soils mean a
  shortage of water and nutrients.
• B. Plant uptake of nutrients
• Plants have many very small roots and millions
  of root hairs. Nutrient uptake is active
  process requiring energy. Mobile nutrients
  (nitrate, Ca, Mg) move easily to the roots.
  Immobile nutrients (ammonium, Fe, Mn) move
  slowly.

52
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• B. Plant uptake of nutrients
• Plants have many very small roots and millions
  of root hairs. Nutrient uptake is active
  process requiring energy. Mobile nutrients
  (nitrate, Ca, Mg) move easily to the roots.
  Immobile nutrients (ammonium, Fe, Mn) move
  slowly.
• C. Symbiotic associations
• 1. Mycorrhizal fungi (FIGS. 4,5)
• 2. N-fixing bacteria (FIG. 6)

53
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• B. Plant uptake of nutrients
• Plants have many very small roots and millions
  of root hairs. Nutrient uptake is active
  process requiring energy. Mobile nutrients
  (nitrate, Ca, Mg) move easily to the roots.
  Immobile nutrients (ammonium, Fe, Mn) move
  slowly.
• C. Symbiotic associations
• 1. Mycorrhizal fungi (FIGS. 4,5).
  Mycorrhizae are a mutualistic association
  between fungus (mycor) and roots (rhizae).
• 2. N-fixing bacteria (FIG. 6)

54
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• B. Plant uptake of nutrients
• Plants have many very small roots and millions
  of root hairs. Nutrient uptake is active
  process requiring energy. Mobile nutrients
  (nitrate, Ca, Mg) move easily to the roots.
  Immobile nutrients (ammonium, Fe, Mn) move
  slowly.
• C. Symbiotic associations
• 1. Mycorrhizal fungi (FIGS. 4,5).
  Mycorrhizae are a mutualistic association
  between fungus (mycor) and roots (rhizae). Two
  main types of mycorrhizae
• 2. N-fixing bacteria (FIG. 6)

55
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• B. Plant uptake of nutrients
• Plants have many very small roots and millions
  of root hairs. Nutrient uptake is active
  process requiring energy. Mobile nutrients
  (nitrate, Ca, Mg) move easily to the roots.
  Immobile nutrients (ammonium, Fe, Mn) move
  slowly.
• C. Symbiotic associations
• 1. Mycorrhizal fungi (FIGS. 4,5).
  Mycorrhizae are a mutualistic association
  between fungus (mycor) and roots (rhizae). Two
  main types of mycorrhizae ectomycorrhizae
  in gymnosperms and vesicular-arbuscular
  (endomycorrhizae) in angiosperms.
• 2. N-fixing bacteria (FIG. 6)

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57
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• B. Plant uptake of nutrients
• Plants have many very small roots and millions
  of root hairs. Nutrient uptake is active
  process requiring energy. Mobile nutrients
  (nitrate, Ca, Mg) move easily to the roots.
  Immobile nutrients (ammonium, Fe, Mn) move
  slowly.
• C. Symbiotic associations
• 1. Mycorrhizal fungi (FIGS. 4,5).
  Mycorrhizae are a mutualistic association
  between fungus (mycor) and roots (rhizae). Two
  main types of mycorrhizae ectomycorrhizae
  in gymnosperms and vesicular-arbuscular
  (endomycorrhizae) in angiosperms. Fungal
  hyphae spread rapidly through soil to help plant
  obtain nutrients. In return, fungi receive
  carbohydrates from the plant.
• 2. N-fixing bacteria (FIG. 6)

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Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• C. Symbiotic associations
• 1. Mycorrhizal fungi (FIGS. 4,5).
  Mycorrhizae are a mutualistic association
  between fungus (mycor) and roots (rhizae). Two
  main types of mycorrhizae ectomycorrhizae
  in gymnosperms and vesicular-arbuscular
  (endomycorrhizae) in angiosperms. Fungal
  hyphae spread rapidly through soil to help plant
  obtain nutrients. In return, fungi receive
  carbohydrates from the plant.
• 2. N-fixing bacteria (FIG. 6)

60
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• C. Symbiotic associations
• 1. Mycorrhizal fungi (FIGS. 4,5).
  Mycorrhizae are a mutualistic association
  between fungus (mycor) and roots (rhizae). Two
  main types of mycorrhizae ectomycorrhizae
  in gymnosperms and vesicular-arbuscular
  (endomycorrhizae) in angiosperms. Fungal
  hyphae spread rapidly through soil to help plant
  obtain nutrients. In return, fungi receive
  carbohydrates from the plant.
• 2. N-fixing bacteria (FIG. 6). Several
  soil-dwelling bacteria enter plant roots and
  cause plant to produce nodules.

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Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• C. Symbiotic associations
• 1. Mycorrhizal fungi (FIGS. 4,5).
  Mycorrhizae are a mutualistic association
  between fungus (mycor) and roots (rhizae). Two
  main types of mycorrhizae ectomycorrhizae
  in gymnosperms and vesicular-arbuscular
  (endomycorrhizae) in angiosperms. Fungal
  hyphae spread rapidly through soil to help plant
  obtain nutrients. In return, fungi receive
  carbohydrates from the plant.
• 2. N-fixing bacteria (FIG. 6). Several
  soil-dwelling bacteria enter plant roots and
  cause plant to produce nodules. Inside the
  nodules, the bacteria convert gaseous N2 in
  soil to ammonia (NH4) that plants can use.

63
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• C. Symbiotic associations
• 1. Mycorrhizal fungi (FIGS. 4,5).
  Mycorrhizae are a mutualistic association
  between fungus (mycor) and roots (rhizae). Two
  main types of mycorrhizae ectomycorrhizae
  in gymnosperms and vesicular-arbuscular
  (endomycorrhizae) in angiosperms. Fungal
  hyphae spread rapidly through soil to help plant
  obtain nutrients. In return, fungi receive
  carbohydrates from the plant.
• 2. N-fixing bacteria (FIG. 6). Several
  soil-dwelling bacteria enter plant roots and
  cause plant to produce nodules. Inside the
  nodules, the bacteria convert gaseous N2 in
  soil to ammonia (NH4) that plants can use.
  In return, the bacteria receive carbohydrates
  from the plant.

64
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• C. Symbiotic associations
• 2. N-fixing bacteria (FIG. 6). Several
  soil-dwelling bacteria enter plant roots and
  cause plant to produce nodules. Inside the
  nodules, the bacteria convert gaseous N2 in
  soil to ammonia (NH4) that plants can use.
  In return, the bacteria receive carbohydrates
  from the plant.
• D. Nutrient deficiencies in plants
• 1. Chlorosis
• 2. Dieback
• 3. Stunted growth
• 4. Other symptoms

65
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• C. Symbiotic associations
• 2. N-fixing bacteria (FIG. 6). Several
  soil-dwelling bacteria enter plant roots and
  cause plant to produce nodules. Inside the
  nodules, the bacteria convert gaseous N2 in
  soil to ammonia (NH4) that plants can use.
  In return, the bacteria receive carbohydrates
  from the plant.
• D. Nutrient deficiencies in plants
• 1. Chlorosis - yellow or pale color between
  leaf veins.
• 2. Dieback
• 3. Stunted growth
• 4. Other symptoms

66
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• C. Symbiotic associations
• 2. N-fixing bacteria (FIG. 6). Several
  soil-dwelling bacteria enter plant roots and
  cause plant to produce nodules. Inside the
  nodules, the bacteria convert gaseous N2 in
  soil to ammonia (NH4) that plants can use.
  In return, the bacteria receive carbohydrates
  from the plant.
• D. Nutrient deficiencies in plants
• 1. Chlorosis - yellow or pale color between
  leaf veins. Caused by deficiency of Fe, N,
  Mg, Mn, Cu, P, S, K (any nutrient involved in
  photosynthesis).
• 2. Dieback
• 3. Stunted growth
• 4. Other symptoms

67
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68
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• D. Nutrient deficiencies in plants
• 1. Chlorosis - yellow or pale color between
  leaf veins. Caused by deficiency of Fe, N,
  Mg, Mn, Cu, P, S, K (any nutrient involved in
  photosynthesis).
• 2. Dieback - branches die back from the ends.
• 3. Stunted growth
• 4. Other symptoms

69
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• D. Nutrient deficiencies in plants
• 1. Chlorosis - yellow or pale color between
  leaf veins. Caused by deficiency of Fe, N,
  Mg, Mn, Cu, P, S, K (any nutrient involved in
  photosynthesis).
• 2. Dieback - branches die back from the ends.
  Ca, B deficiency.
• 3. Stunted growth
• 4. Other symptoms

70
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• D. Nutrient deficiencies in plants
• 1. Chlorosis - yellow or pale color between
  leaf veins. Caused by deficiency of Fe, N,
  Mg, Mn, Cu, P, S, K (any nutrient involved in
  photosynthesis).
• 2. Dieback - branches die back from the ends.
  Ca, B deficiency.
• 3. Stunted growth - N, Ca deficiency.
• 4. Other symptoms

71
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• D. Nutrient deficiencies in plants
• 1. Chlorosis - yellow or pale color between
  leaf veins. Caused by deficiency of Fe, N,
  Mg, Mn, Cu, P, S, K (any nutrient involved in
  photosynthesis).
• 2. Dieback - branches die back from the ends.
  Ca, B deficiency.
• 3. Stunted growth - N, Ca deficiency.
• 4. Other symptoms - spots (Mn, Zn deficiency)
• blue-green color (Cu deficiency)

72
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• D. Nutrient deficiencies in plants
• 1. Chlorosis - yellow or pale color between
  leaf veins. Caused by deficiency of Fe, N,
  Mg, Mn, Cu, P, S, K (any nutrient involved in
  photosynthesis).
• 2. Dieback - branches die back from the ends.
  Ca, B deficiency.
• 3. Stunted growth - N, Ca deficiency.
• 4. Other symptoms - spots (Mn, Zn deficiency)
• blue-green color (Cu deficiency)
• Similar symptoms caused by bacteria, viruses,
  fungi, or adverse environmental conditions.

73
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• II. Plant Nutrition
• D. Nutrient deficiencies in plants
• 3. Stunted growth - N, Ca deficiency.
• 4. Other symptoms - spots (Mn, Zn deficiency)
• blue-green color (Cu deficiency)
• Similar symptoms caused by bacteria, viruses,
  fungi, or adverse environmental conditions.

74
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• III. Animal Nutrition
• A. Nutrient requirements for animals
• 1. Amino acids
• 2. Mineral elements
• B. Nutrient acquisition
• 1. Herbivores and granivores
• 2. Carnivores
• C. Nutrient deficiencies in animals
• 1. General effects on survival, growth, and
  reproduction
• 2. Specific nutrient deficiencies

75
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• III. Animal Nutrition
• A. Nutrient requirements for animals
• 1. Amino acids - all animals need the same 20
  amino acids as building blocks for proteins.
• 2. Mineral elements

76
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• III. Animal Nutrition
• A. Nutrient requirements for animals
• 1. Amino acids - all animals need the same 20
  amino acids as building blocks for proteins.
• 2. Mineral elements - thus all animals need
  about the same nutrients (mineral elements).

77
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78
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• III. Animal Nutrition
• A. Nutrient requirements for animals
• 1. Amino acids - all animals need the same 20
  amino acids as building blocks for proteins.
• 2. Mineral elements - thus all animals need
  about the same nutrients (mineral elements).
  However, there are differences among some
  animals.

79
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• III. Animal Nutrition
• A. Nutrient requirements for animals
• 1. Amino acids - all animals need the same 20
  amino acids as building blocks for proteins.
• 2. Mineral elements - thus all animals need
  about the same nutrients (mineral elements).
  However, there are differences among some
  animals. Ca, Cu especially important for
  vertebrates (bones).

80
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81
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• III. Animal Nutrition
• A. Nutrient requirements for animals
• 1. Amino acids - all animals need the same 20
  amino acids as building blocks for proteins.
• 2. Mineral elements - thus all animals need
  about the same nutrients (mineral elements).
  However, there are differences among some
  animals. Ca, Cu especially important for
  vertebrates (bones). Mg, Co important for
  ruminants (for the flora fauna that digest
  cellulose in the rumen).

82
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83
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• III. Animal Nutrition
• A. Nutrient requirements for animals
• 1. Amino acids - all animals need the same 20
  amino acids as building blocks for proteins.
• 2. Mineral elements - thus all animals need
  about the same nutrients (mineral elements).
  However, there are differences among some
  animals. Ca, Cu especially important for
  vertebrates (bones). Mg, Co important for
  ruminants (for the flora fauna that digest
  cellulose in the rumen).
• B. Nutrient acquisition
• 1. Herbivores and granivores
• 2. Carnivores

84
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• III. Animal Nutrition
• B. Nutrient acquisition
• 1. Herbivores and granivores (eat grains,
  seeds)
• a. Advantages of a plant diet
• b. Disadvantages (FIGS. 7,8)
• 2. Carnivores

85
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• III. Animal Nutrition
• B. Nutrient acquisition
• 1. Herbivores and granivores (eat grains,
  seeds)
• a. Advantages of a plant diet - dont
  need to chase capture plants so less
  energy used to obtain food.
• b. Disadvantages (FIGS. 7,8)
• 2. Carnivores

86
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• III. Animal Nutrition
• B. Nutrient acquisition
• 1. Herbivores and granivores (eat grains,
  seeds)
• a. Advantages of a plant diet - dont
  need to chase capture plants so less
  energy used to obtain food.
• b. Disadvantages (FIGS. 7,8)
• Plant physical defenses (spines,
  thorns, leathery leaves)
• 2. Carnivores

87
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88
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• III. Animal Nutrition
• B. Nutrient acquisition
• 1. Herbivores and granivores (eat grains,
  seeds)
• a. Advantages of a plant diet - dont
  need to chase capture plants so less
  energy used to obtain food.
• b. Disadvantages (FIGS. 7,8)
• Plant physical defenses (spines,
  thorns, leathery leaves)
• 2. Carnivores

89
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• III. Animal Nutrition
• B. Nutrient acquisition
• 1. Herbivores and granivores (eat grains,
  seeds)
• a. Advantages of a plant diet - dont
  need to chase capture plants so less
  energy used to obtain food.
• b. Disadvantages (FIGS. 7,8)
• Plant physical defenses (spines,
  thorns, leathery leaves)
• Plant chemical defenses (alkaloids,
  terpenoids, phenolics, etc.)
• 2. Carnivores

90
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• III. Animal Nutrition
• B. Nutrient acquisition
• 1. Herbivores and granivores (eat grains,
  seeds)
• a. Advantages of a plant diet - dont
  need to chase capture plants so less
  energy used to obtain food.
• b. Disadvantages (FIGS. 7,8)
• Plant physical defenses (spines,
  thorns, leathery leaves)
• Plant chemical defenses (alkaloids,
  terpenoids, phenolics, etc.)
• Herbivores must convert plant tissue
  rich in C but low in N (high CN
  ratio) to animal tissue with a lower CN ratio.
• 2. Carnivores

91
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92
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• III. Animal Nutrition
• B. Nutrient acquisition
• 1. Herbivores and granivores (eat grains,
  seeds)
• b. Disadvantages (FIGS. 7,8)
• Plant physical defenses (spines,
  thorns, leathery leaves)
• Plant chemical defenses (alkaloids,
  terpenoids, phenolics, etc.)
• Herbivores must convert plant tissue
  rich in C but low in N (high CN
  ratio) to animal tissue with a lower CN ratio.
• 2. Carnivores

93
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• III. Animal Nutrition
• B. Nutrient acquisition
• 1. Herbivores and granivores (eat grains,
  seeds)
• b. Disadvantages (FIGS. 7,8)
• Plant physical defenses (spines,
  thorns, leathery leaves)
• Plant chemical defenses (alkaloids,
  terpenoids, phenolics, etc.)
• Herbivores must convert plant tissue
  rich in C but low in N (high CN
  ratio) to animal tissue with a lower CN ratio.
  Thus, herbivores must eat lots of
  plant material and select nutritional
  plants plant parts.
• 2. Carnivores

94
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• III. Animal Nutrition
• B. Nutrient acquisition
• 1. Herbivores and granivores (eat grains,
  seeds)
• b. Disadvantages (FIGS. 7,8)
• Plant physical defenses (spines,
  thorns, leathery leaves)
• Plant chemical defenses (alkaloids,
  terpenoids, phenolics, etc.)
• Herbivores must convert plant tissue
  rich in C but low in N (high CN
  ratio) to animal tissue with a lower CN ratio.
  Thus, herbivores must eat lots of
  plant material and select nutritional
  plants plant parts.
• 2. Carnivores
• a. Advantage of an animal diet (FIG. 8)
• b. Disadvantages (FIG. 9)

95
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• III. Animal Nutrition
• B. Nutrient acquisition
• 2. Carnivores
• a. Advantage of an animal diet (FIG. 8)
• b. Disadvantages (FIG. 9)

96
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• III. Animal Nutrition
• B. Nutrient acquisition
• 2. Carnivores
• a. Advantage of an animal diet (FIG. 8) -
  prey has approximately the same CN
  ratio as predator.
• b. Disadvantages (FIG. 9)

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98
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• III. Animal Nutrition
• B. Nutrient acquisition
• 2. Carnivores
• a. Advantage of an animal diet (FIG. 8) -
  prey has approximately the same CN
  ratio as predator so dont need to eat as much.
  
• b. Disadvantages (FIG. 9)

99
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• III. Animal Nutrition
• B. Nutrient acquisition
• 2. Carnivores
• a. Advantage of an animal diet (FIG. 8) -
  prey has approximately the same CN
  ratio as predator so dont need to eat as much.
  Also dont need to deal with plant
  physical chemical defenses.
• b. Disadvantages (FIG. 9)

100
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• III. Animal Nutrition
• B. Nutrient acquisition
• 2. Carnivores
• a. Advantage of an animal diet (FIG. 8) -
  prey has approximately the same CN
  ratio as predator so dont need to eat as much.
  Also dont need to deal with plant
  physical chemical defenses.
• b. Disadvantages - must chase capture
  their prey.

101
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• III. Animal Nutrition
• B. Nutrient acquisition
• 2. Carnivores
• a. Advantage of an animal diet (FIG. 8) -
  prey has approximately the same CN
  ratio as predator so dont need to eat as much.
  Also dont need to deal with plant
  physical chemical defenses.
• b. Disadvantages - must chase capture
  their prey. Use more energy to catch
  prey but less energy to process their food
  (convert it to a usable form).

102
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• III. Animal Nutrition
• B. Nutrient acquisition
• 2. Carnivores
• a. Advantage of an animal diet (FIG. 8) -
  prey has approximately the same CN
  ratio as predator so dont need to eat as much.
  Also dont need to deal with plant
  physical chemical defenses.
• b. Disadvantages - must chase capture
  their prey. Use more energy to catch
  prey but less energy to process their food
  (convert it to a usable form).
• C. Nutrient deficiencies in animals

103
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• III. Animal Nutrition
• C. Nutrient deficiencies in animals
• 1. General effects on survival, growth, and
  reproduction (FIG. 9).
• 2. Specific nutrient deficiencies

104
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• III. Animal Nutrition
• C. Nutrient deficiencies in animals
• 1. General effects on survival, growth, and
  reproduction (FIG. 9). Animals allocate
  scarce nutrients to essential structures
  functions and sacrifice non-essential
  structures functions.
• 2. Specific nutrient deficiencies

105
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• III. Animal Nutrition
• C. Nutrient deficiencies in animals
• 1. General effects on survival, growth, and
  reproduction (FIG. 9). Animals allocate
  scarce nutrients to essential structures
  functions and sacrifice non-essential
  structures functions. Example male deer
  may produce no antlers when nutrient stressed.
• 2. Specific nutrient deficiencies

106
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• III. Animal Nutrition
• C. Nutrient deficiencies in animals
• 1. General effects on survival, growth, and
  reproduction (FIG. 9). Animals allocate
  scarce nutrients to essential structures
  functions and sacrifice non-essential
  structures functions. Example male deer
  may produce no antlers when nutrient stressed.
  Not only survival and growth are affected,
  but also reproduction can be greatly reduced
  by nutrient deficiencies.
• 2. Specific nutrient deficiencies

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108
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• III. Animal Nutrition
• C. Nutrient deficiencies in animals
• 1. General effects on survival, growth, and
  reproduction (FIG. 9). Animals allocate
  scarce nutrients to essential structures
  functions and sacrifice non-essential
  structures functions. Example male deer
  may produce no antlers when nutrient stressed.
  Not only survival and growth are affected,
  but also reproduction can be greatly reduced
  by nutrient deficiencies.
• 2. Specific nutrient deficiencies (commonly
  seen in herbivores)

109
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• III. Animal Nutrition
• C. Nutrient deficiencies in animals
• 2. Specific nutrient deficiencies (commonly
  seen in herbivores)
• a. Sodium deficiency - plants contain
  little Na so herbivores must often seek
  natural salt licks or water holes with high Na
  content. Thus sodium availability can
  influence distribution of some animals!
• b. Nutrient deficiency in ruminants

110
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• III. Animal Nutrition
• C. Nutrient deficiencies in animals
• 2. Specific nutrient deficiencies (commonly
  seen in herbivores)
• a. Sodium deficiency - plants contain
  little Na so herbivores must often seek
  natural salt licks or water holes with high Na
  content. Thus sodium availability can
  influence distribution of some animals!
• b. Nutrient deficiency in ruminants. New
  plant growth in spring has little Ca,
  Mg so ruminants can be severely deficient.

111
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• III. Animal Nutrition
• C. Nutrient deficiencies in animals
• 2. Specific nutrient deficiencies (commonly
  seen in herbivores)
• a. Sodium deficiency - plants contain
  little Na so herbivores must often seek
  natural salt licks or water holes with high Na
  content. Thus sodium availability can
  influence distribution of some animals!
• b. Nutrient deficiency in ruminants. New
  plant growth in spring has little Ca,
  Mg so ruminants can be severely deficient. They
  use natural mineral licks when
  available. Ranchers often put out
  mineral licks for their cattle.

112
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• IV. Summary of Autecology (Functional Ecology)
• A. Autecology is the study of interactions
  between _________ and their _______________.

113
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• IV. Summary of Autecology (Functional Ecology)
• A. Autecology is the study of interactions
  between organisms and their abiotic
  (physical) environment.
• B.

114
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• IV. Summary of Autecology (Functional Ecology)
• A. Autecology is the study of interactions
  between organisms and their abiotic
  (physical) environment.
• B. The abiotic environment consists of factors
  that act as ______ or _____.

115
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nutrition

• IV. Summary of Autecology (Functional Ecology)
• A. Autecology is the study of interactions
  between organisms and their abiotic
  (physical) environment.
• B. The abiotic environment consists of factors
  that act as controllers (conditions) or
  resources.

116
Lecture 7 Plant and Animal Nut