Ocean Observing Systems

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Ocean Observing Systems
BIOSOPE Cruise M. Lewis
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and Wild-haired Scientists Anonymous
Jed
John
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Ocean Observing Systems and the Interaction of
Technology, Information and Understanding

• John J. Cullen
• Centre for Marine Environmental Prediction
• Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University
• Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J1
• 2006 Ocean Sciences Meeting
• Honolulu February 23, 2006

Supported by CFCAS, NSERC, NOPP ONR
ICOOL
International Coalition of Ocean Observation
Laboratories
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Inspiration
How to exploit our emergence from a century of
undersampling
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Observationsthe foundation of ocean science



Observations are necessary but not sufficient
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20th century oceanographyobservationswere
scarce
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In retrospect, physical charts of temperature,
salinity, nutrients, and currents were so
unrealistic that they could not possibly have
been of any use to the biologists. Similarly,
scientists could find experimental support for
their favorite theory no matter what the theory
claimed. Walter Munk, 2002
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But insight went a very long way
Sverdrups (1955) map of productivity based on
vertical convection, upwelling and turbulent
diffusion
Global productivity estimated from remote sensing
(Falkowski et al. 1998).
As presented by John McGowan (Oceanography Mag.,
2004)
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Technical approach Thinking
R.W. Eppley
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Products of 20th century oceanography
UNDERSTANDING and
KNOWLEDGE Producers John Martin, Wally
Broecker, Dick Dugdale, Dick Eppley
Conveyor Belt
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The bar has been raisedWe need PREDICTIVE
CAPABILITY
HABs
http//ic.ucsc.edu/flegal/etox80e/SpecTopics/Alga
lBlooms/alg_p1.jpg
Decline of fish stocks since 1960
Global CO2 since 900 A.D. (IPCC TAR)
Myers and Worm Nature 2003
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To do this, we needMECHANISTICUNDERSTANDING
OF OCEAN PROCESSES ON THE SCALES AT WHICH THEY
OCCUR
Chl - A. Thomas U of Maine
100 m currents - Earth Simulator - JAMSTEC
Modeled Chlorophyll Rothstein et al., Oceanogr.
Mag. In press
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AND OBSERVATIONS ON THOSE SCALES
Donaghay et al.
NASA/GSFC
SeaWiFs Chlorophyll - Rothstein et al.
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4-D Multi-scale Problems Require
Multi-platform Nesting Approaches
THE ISSUE IS SAMPLING!
Dickey, 2002
Roots from Henry Stommel and Lauren Haury
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Strategies are Required
Cover figure from the Coastal Module Design Plan
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Integrated Global Ocean Observing System
Requirements

• Sustained
• Synoptic
• Interdisciplinary
• Adequate resolution

Requirements depend on the users and phenomena
of interest
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Common Variables Global, Coastal(first cut)
Design Plan for the Coastal Module of GOOS
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Science must always move beyond common
variables




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Fundamental requirement for environmental science
of the 21st century
making sense of it all
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Prime goal Marine Environmental Prediction
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Requirements for quantitative marine
environmental prediction

• Resolve mesoscale variability
• Ocean surface
• Ocean interior (highly resolved vertically)
• Take bio-optics beyond biomass
• Describe biodiversity
• Integrate observations and knowledge in
  interdisciplinary data assimilative ecological
  and biogeochemical models

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Resolving Mesoscale Variability
McGillicuddy - PARADIGM
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Remote sensing is revolutionary
http//www.angliacampus.com/public/sec/geog/coastl
n/page09.php
NASA/GSFC
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Capabilities are Awesome
From a presentation by Mark Abbott
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Capabilities are Awesome
Results are Important!
Decline of the 2002 - 2003 El Niño
From a presentation by Mark Abbott
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The future Integrated, interdisciplinary
analyses on the scales that matter
Vector Winds and Sea Surface Temperature 2-4
Sept 1999
From a presentation by Mark Abbott
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The next frontier Describing mesoscale
variability in the ocean interior
Ken Johnson MBARI
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Autonomous Ocean Observatories
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Coastal observatories are being developed
world-wideDifferent stages of development and
areas of emphasis
Rutgers
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The MEPS-Bay Observing System measures physical,
chemical and biological variability in Lunenburg
Bay in real-time for incorporation into a
forecast model
www.cmep.ca/bay
P. Kuhn
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An Integrated Network will be Developed
OceanSITES
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ALPS will fillthe gaps ProfilersGlidersAUV
sThe oceanographers dream come true
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ARGO Armada
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Evolution of biology and physics on the scales
that matter
Glider survey
Chlorophyll from Fluorescence
FluorescenceBackscatter
MJ Perry et al. TOS 2005
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Autonomous Biogeochemical Surveys Coming Soon
K. Johnson - MBARI
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Taking bio-optics beyond biomass
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20th century sciencePrimary Productivity from
Chlorophyll Irradiance Daylength
Temperature
marine.rutgers.edu/opp/
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Conventional estimates of productivity do not
resolve much of the physiological variability in
the sea
Maximum P B (gC gChl-1 h-1)
Behrenfeld and Falkowski 1997 model
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Frontiers in Remote Sensing of Biological
Properties
Chemical Composition and Physiological Status
Phytoplankton Growth Rate
Behrenfeld et al. 2004 GBC
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Species composition (sometimes)
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Amazing Potential for in situ Optical
Measurements
New Insights into Phytoplankton Dynamics from
Optical Observations
Heidi M. Sosik
ASLO/TOS 2004
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We will see what we need to see
High-res profiles revealed steep gradients in
phytoplankton and dissolved organic matter. Phyto
and CDOM gradients each related to velocity shear
over narrow vertical intervals
Many phyto layers less than 1m thick
T. Cowles, OSU
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Optical Proxies The Next Generation
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Optical and Acoustical Properties will Provide
State Variables and Parameters that are Directly
Assimilated into Ecosystem Models
PARADIGM Oceanography Magazine 2006
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Evolving Scientific Infrastructure Makes this
Possible
Ocean Observing Systems
Hydrological Atmospheric Optics
Acoustics
Physical, Chemical Biological Oceanography
Sensors and sampling
Diagnostic bio-optical models
Theory / Models
Process Studies
Physiological Ecology
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SUN-INDUCED FLUORESCENCEthe only signal
detectable from space that can be unambiguously
ascribed to phytoplankton
Advertisement
MODIS - Letelier, Abbott OSU
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Sun-induced fluorescence yield can vary a great
deal coherent with hydrographic forcing
Fluorescence (normalized to absorption) vs
irradiance
Bering Sea drifter data from Schallenberg et al.
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But we dont know what it means
From Mark Abbott
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Mars

• Mars is red
• We dont know exactly what it means, but it might
  hold fundamental clues about life
• So we go to Mars

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Fluorescence from the ocean

• Fluorescence is red
• We dont know exactly what it means, but it might
  hold fundamental clues about life
• So

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The Genomics Highway
February 2001
July 1995 The first whole genome
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The Bus Has Left the Station
Genetic Inventory of the Planet

• Predicted to be 20 to 30 billion unique genes
• Most of them microbial
• the next big thing

Craig Venter August 2004
From Penny Chisholm
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A Tool for Making Sense of Microbial Diversity in
the Marine EnvironmentMargalefs Mandala
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The Genomics Mandala?
Venter et al., Science, 2004
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The critical ingredient ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT
Genetic variability related quantitatively to
well defined ecological regimes
Science, 2006
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Metabolic function related to oceanographic
stratum
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The challenge Get to this sooner rather than
later
Ocean Observing Systems
Genomics the other omics
Hydrological Atmospheric Optics
Acoustics
Physical Chemical Biological Oceanography
Integrated interdisciplinary sensor systems
Assimilative biogeochemical models
Theory / Models
Process Studies
Physiological Ecology Including Gene Expression
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Interdisciplinary teams are not just a good idea
they are the only way to achieve synthesis and
prediction
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Ultimate Goal An Interdisciplinary, Coupled,
and Data Assimilating Observation and Modeling
System
Bays to Basins
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We will need Sense-Making Tools in a world of
Too Much Information
after Paul Saffo Institute for the Future
Knowledge Insight for Research Education
Outreach Management
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The VISION PortalVirtual-reality Information
System and Integrated Ocean-observing
NetworkAll-Ocean-Knowledge.com

• Virtual reality access to all ocean environments
• Fully 4-dimensional
• Scalable from global to mm
• Physical, chemical, biological
• Direct access to oceanographic data
• Integrated with the Global Ocean Observing System
• DATA
• MODELS
• Contextual hyperlinks to scientific literature
  and databases
• Multiple levels of interaction
• Entertainment, education, exploration, research,
  prediction

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Access Data and Models in Real Time
Josh Kohut - Rutgers - COOL
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Probe the Ocean Depths
Brandon Sackmann, University of
Maine http//optics.dmc.maine.edu/sackmann/wash_co
ast/WashCoastAnim.avi
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Switch to layers for all ocean information systems
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Layers for All Ocean Knowledge

• Weather
• Hazards
• History
• Currents
• Shipwrecks
• Surf Report
• Minerals

• Ecosystems
• Pollution
• Forecasts
• Climate models
• Bottom type
• Genomics
• Sea Life

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The VISION PortalVirtual-reality Information
System and Integrated Ocean-observing Network

• Virtual reality access to all ocean environments
• Fully 4-dimensional
• Scalable from global to mm
• Physical, chemical, biological
• Direct access to oceanographic data
• Integrated with the Global Ocean Observing System
• DATA
• MODELS
• Contextual hyperlinks to scientific literature
  and databases
• Multiple levels of interaction
• Entertainment, education, exploration, research,
  prediction

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Why not?
The VISION PortalVirtual-reality Information
System and Integrated Ocean-observing Network
Thank you!
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