NUCLEAR INSTALLATION SAFETY

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NUCLEAR INSTALLATION SAFETYA Worldwide
PerspectiveChrister Viktorsson, NSNI
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Overview
Convention on Nuclear Safety Code of Conduct on
the Safety of Research Reactors Expert Networks
INSAG Global Nuclear Safety Regime

• Introduction
• Nuclear Power - Benefit but also Risk
• Safety Principles
• Defence in Depth
• The Chernobyl Experience
• Evolution of Safety
• NSNI Overview
• Safety Standards
• Safety Review Services
• Education and Training
• Support to Technical Cooperation
• Sections
• Engineering Safety
• Operational Safety
• Policy and Programme Support
• Safety Assessment
• Regulatory Activities
• Research Reactor and Fuel Cycle Facility Safety

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Introduction

• The IAEAs mission is guided by the interests and
  needs of Member States, strategic plans and the
  vision embodied in the IAEA Statute. Three main
  pillars - or areas of work - underpin the IAEAs
  mission
• -Safety and Security
• -Science and Technology
• -Safeguards and Verification

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Introduction

• 435 nuclear reactors in operation in 30
  countries, 31 under construction and 117
  shut-down
• About 670 Research Reactors have been built to
  date
• About 280 Research Reactors in 56 countries
  continue to operate

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Benefit but also Risk

• Clean production of electricity, today 16 of
  world electricity is produced by nuclear. Safety
  records are good.
• The risks involved relate to accidents and the
  possible release of radioactive substances
• Large content of radioactive substances in the
  reactor vessel
• Elevated pressure and temperature
• The fission process and the production of heat
  are to be controlled

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Safety Principles

• Accident prevention and mitigation
• This is done by Defence in depth
• physical barriers between reactor core and the
  environment
• several levels of defence, objectives being
• Prevention of abnormal operation and failures
• Control of abnormal operation/det of failures
• Control of foreseen accidents
• Control of more severe accidents
• Mitigation of radiological consequences
• Safety prerequisites -margins, strong management
  for safety, quality and safety culture

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Levels of Defence in Depth

• Level 1 - Prevention of abnormal operation and
  failures
• Conservative design and high quality in
  construction
• Level 2 Detection of failures/abnormal
  operation
• Control, testing and protecting systems
• Level 3 Control of foreseen accidents
• Safety systems and accident procedures
• Level 4 - Control of more severe accidents
• Accident management
• Level 5 Mitigation of radiological cons.
• Emergency response

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Objective of Defence in Depth

• To compensate for potential human and component
  failures
• To maintain the effectiveness of the barriers
• To protect the public and the environmetn from
  harm in the event that the barriers are not fully
  effective

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The Chernobyl Experience
The Chernobyl Experience
Social consequences of significant radioactive
releases fully recognized


Severe accident management measures required to
limit releases


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Evolution of Safety

• Safety upgrading of existing NPPs is based on
• Sharing of operating experience
• Lessons from accidents
• New technology, safety analysis and RD
• New IAEA and industry Safety Standards
• Periodic Safety Reassessments
• Has led to improvements in the defence in depth
• Examples Leadership, management of safety and
  quality, well maintained plant, redundant safety
  systems, external events, severe accidents, fire
  protection, safety analysis tools, etc.
• The Global Nuclear Safety Regime has emerged

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NSNI Overview Common Abbreviations

• MS Member State
• NS Department of Nuclear Safety and Security
• NSNI Division of Nuclear Installation Safety
• NSRW Division of Radiation, Transport and Waste
  Safety
• NSNS- Office of Nuclear Security

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NSNI Overview What is a Nuclear Installation?

• Nuclear Installation - A nuclear fuel fabrication
  plant, research reactor (including subcritical
  and critical assemblies), nuclear power plant,
  spent fuel storage facility, enrichment plant or
  reprocessing facility.
• This is essentially any authorized facilities
  that are part of the nuclear fuel cycle except
  facilities mining or processing of uranium or
  thorium ores and radioactive waste management
  facilities.

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NSNI Overview - Where are we in the Organization?
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NSNI Overview - Sections
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NSNI Overview Main Areas of Work

• Nuclear Installation Safety The Safety Mission
• Establishment of Safety Standards for all types
  of nuclear installations containing good (best)
  international safety practices
• Conduct Safety Review Services to provide for the
  application of the IAEA Safety Standards
• Promotion of Education and Training
• Support of Agency Technical Cooperation
  Programmes
• Servicing International Conventions and Codes of
  Conduct

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Safety Standards Internationally Well Recognized
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Safety Standards Internationally Well Recognized

• Protecting People and the Environment
• Safety Standards cover technical, but also human
  and organizational factors

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Safety Review Services Offered to all Member
States

• Purpose To assess application of SS
• Areas covered
• Regulatory Effectiveness
• Operational Safety
• Safety Culture
• Engineering and Technical Safety
• Research Reactor Safety and Fuel Cycle Facility
  Safety

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Safety Review Services Offered to all Member
States

• Regulatory Framework and Activities
• IRRS Integrated Regulatory Review Service
• Operational Safety
• OSART Operational Safety Review Team
• SEDO Safety Evaluation of Fuel Cycle Facilities
  
• During Operation
• Safety Culture
• SCART Safety
• Culture Assessment
• Review Team

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Safety Review Services Offered to all Member
States

• Engineering and Technical Safety
• ESRS Engineering Safety Review Service
• IPSART International Probabilistic Safety
  Assessment Review Team
• RAMP Review Accident Management Programme
• Research Reactor Safety
• INSARR Integrated Safety
• Assessment of Research
• Reactors

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Education and Training Open to all Member
States

• Supports and Promotes Sustainable Education and
  Training Programmes
• Maintaining Knowledge on Nuclear Safety

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Support to Technical Cooperation

• Conducts and Participates in a large number of
  safety projects in all TC Regions

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Development of Engineering Safety

• Safety Standards in
• Site Evaluation and Design Safety
• Safety Review Services
• Engineering Safety
• Work also on evolutionary and innovative
  reactors, safe long term operation and
  internal/external events

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Enhancement of Operational Safety

• Safety Standards
• Operational Safety and Feedback from Operational
  Experience
• Safety Review Services
• Operational Safety
• Operational Experience
• Work in many technical areas related to operation
  NPP, and incident reporting

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Policy and Programme Support

• Safety Standards
• Management Systems and Safety Culture
• Safety Review Services
• Safety Culture Assessment
• Work on Education and Training and Policy and
  Programme Support

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Safety Assessment Methods and Tools

• Safety Standards
• Safety Assessment and Verification
• Safety Review Services
• Safety Assessment and Severe Accidents Assessment
• Maintain center for advanced Safety Assessment
  Tools

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Development of Regulatory Activities

• Safety Standards
• Legal and Regulatory System
• Safety Review Services
• Regulatory Effectiveness Assessment
• Work on all aspects related to Regulation of
  Nuclear Installations

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Enhancement of Research Reactor and Fuel Cycle
Facility Safety

• Safety Standards
• Research Reactor Safety
• Fuel Cycle Facility Safety
• Safety Review Services
• Research Reactor Safety
• Fuel Cycle Facility Safety
• Work on all aspects of Research Reactor and Fuel
  Cycle Facility Safety and Incident Reporting in
  these Facilities

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Convention on Nuclear Safety

• Legally commit participating States operating
  land-based nuclear power plants to maintain a
  high level of safety by setting international
  benchmarks to which States would subscribe.
• Next review meeting in April 2008
• 65 Signatories and 59 Contracting Parties

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Code of Conduct on the Safety of Research Reactors

• To achieve and maintain a high level of safety in
  research reactors worldwide
• Important that Member States commit to apply the
  provisions of the Code

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Expert Networks and Knowledge Management

• ANSN Asian Nuclear Safety Network
• Improve the safety of nuclear installations in
  Asia
• Incident Reporting Systems
• Using operational experience to improve safety

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INSAG

• INSAG - International Nuclear Safety Group
• Recent Publications
• Stakeholder Involvement in Nuclear Issues
  (INSAG-20)
• Strengthening the Global Nuclear Safety Regime
  (INSAG-21)

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Global Nuclear Safety Regime