Unit 1 Biochemistry

1
Unit 1 Biochemistry

• This unit highlights the basic chemistry needed
  to understand the complex biochemical processes
  which occur in the cells and in the organs of
  organisms. The major biochemical processes
  polymerization, enzyme catalysis and inhibition,
  DNA replication, and the transcription of RNA are
  described.

2
Atoms Reviewed (at least it should be)

• Atoms nucleus, orbits, electrons

3

• For a chemical reaction to occur, an activation
  energy must be added. (In some cases, the
  electric field of another molecule in close
  proximity is enough to set the reaction off
  spontaneously.)

4

• The products are at a lower energy than the
  parent materials.
• This difference in energy between parent bonds
  and daughter bonds is what is released.
• (This is the energy in the electric field between
  reactants that is released. The common usage of
  the energy "stored in bonds" leads to many
  misconceptions)

5

• Organic compounds contain carbon
• Exceptions are CO2 and CaCO3 which are inorganic
• Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen (CHON) are
  the most common elements found in living things.

6
Reactions that occur in the body

• Dehydration synthesis (removing water and putting
  together)
• Example
• glucose glucose ? water maltose

7

• Hydrolysis (water, breaking apart)
• Example
• Maltose water ? glucose glucose
• Fyi maltose is malt sugar

8

• Decomposition Reaction (breaking apart)
• Example Digestion of foods
• Also releases energy in the form of heat

9

• Synthesis Reaction (building)
• Example
• Na Cl- ? NaCl
• Synthesis requires energy

10
Importance of Water

• Water is often converted to its ions by a process
  known as ionization.
• H2O ? H OH- (hydroxide)
• Hydrogen ion and hydroxide are involved in many
  reaction in the body.
• If there is more H than OH-, the solution is
  acidic.
• If there is less H than OH-, the solution is
  basic.

11

• If there is an equal H and OH-, the solution is
  neutral.
• A stable pH is needed for chemical reactions to
  occur in the body.
• Although there many be small fluctuations, a
  balance is strived for.
• This balance is called homeostasis.
• Once this balance is off, we feel ill because
  many chemical reactions in our body may not be
  occurring, or they may be happening too fast.

12
Compounds that make up living things

• Carbohydrates
• Made up of C, H and H (carb-o-hydr)
• All have the formula CnH2nOn
• The subunits or building blocks are simple sugars
• 1 simple sugar monosaccharide
• 2 simple sugars disaccharide
• Many simple sugars polysaccharide (in chains)
• Sugars always end in ose (ex glucose)

13

• Organisms store excess sugar in the form of
  polysaccharides.
• Starch is a polysaccharide found in plants.
• In humans the excess sugar is in the form of the
  polysaccharide glycogen, which is found in the
  liver.

14

• Lipids
• Made up of C, H and O.
• They are chemically different from carbohydrates
  in that a lipid contains 1 less oxygen atom.
• Similar to carbohydrates in that they are both
  used for energy storage, but lipids contain twice
  the amount of potential energy.

15

• Lipids make up cell structures
• Lipids that are liquid at room temperature are
  called oils.
• Saturated fats are formed from single bonds.
  These fats tend to increase a persons
  cholesterol.
• Unsaturated fats have 1 or 2 double bonds. These
  tend to be oils.

16
(No Transcript)
17
Heart Disease

• Risk Factors
• Gender men are at a higher risk
• Menopause
• Family history
• Diabetes
• High Cholesterol
• High Blood pressure
• Smoking
• Obseity

18
Heart Disease Tests

• Cholesterol Test
• Triglycerides simply fats
• Stress Test
• Carotid Ultrasound

19

• Nucleic Acids
• Contain C, H, O, N and P
• 2 kinds
• RNA ribonucleic acid
• DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
• Information stored in DNA controls the cell
  activities and determines the heredity
  characteristics.
• RNA is required for synthesis of proteins.

20

• The subunit of DNA and RNA is called a
  nucleotide.
• A nucleotide is made of a sugar (ribose), a
  phosphate and a nitrogenous base.
• DNA has 1 less oxygen that RNA
• DNA controls the activities of a cell by
  controlling the synthesis of enzymes.
• Replication producing an exact copy of DNA
• Transcription process by which message in DNA
  is transferred to RNA.

21

• Proteins
• Contain C, H, O, N.
• Are found in cells, tissues, bones, muscle, make
  hormones, antibodies and enzymes.
• Proteins are made up of Amino Acids (AAs)
• Plants are important in a diet as humans cannot
  make their own AAs, plants can.
• There are 22 different AAs

22

• A protein is made by joining a long chain of
  AAs.
• 2 AAs joined together is a dipeptide and the
  bond is called a peptide bond.
• A long chain of AAs is called a polypeptide.
• Polypeptides are folded and coiled into a very
  specific shape.

23

• The shape determines the function of the protein.
  If the shape changes, so does the function.
• Enzymes are proteins that control reactions in
  the cell. All chemical reaction are controlled
  by these enzymes.

24
Foods Assignment
25
Enzymes

• (As mentioned earlier), for reactions to occur
  there must be a bit of energy required to
  activate the reaction.
• This energy is used to weaken an existing bond
  before the reaction will start.
• The amount of energy required for this activation
  is known as activation energy.
• Most enzymes end in ase (few end in in)
• http//newtonsapple.tv/video.php?id1292

26

• There are certain materials that have the effect
  of promoting or assisting chemical reactions.
  
• These materials, called catalysts, decreases the
  activation energy of a certain chemical reaction.
• A biological catalyst is called an enzyme.

27

• Denaturing Enzymes
• Background An enzyme is referred to as being
  denatured when the enzyme structure is changed.
  This change in turns stops the specific reaction
  as the active site of the enzyme has been
  altered.
• Purpose In this lab you will use the organic
  enzyme catalase and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to
  determine the effects of different conditions on
  enzyme activity.
• Hypothesis What condition(s) will result in
  denaturing enzymes?
• Materials Liver, hydrogen peroxide, mortar and
  pestle, 6 test tubes, test tube rack, potato,
  graduated cylinder, sand
• Procedure
• 1. Obtain a 1 cm3 piece of potato and put it
  into test tube 1. Add 2 mL of hydrogen
  peroxide using the graduated cylinder.
• 2. Obtain a 1 cm3 of liver and put it into test
  tube 2. Add 2 mL of hydrogen peroxide.
• 3. Obtain a 1 cm3 of liver and boil for 3
  minutes. When done place the liver in test tube
  3. Add 2 mL of hydrogen peroxide.
• 4. Obtain a 1 cm3 of liver, a pinch of sand and
  grind in a mortar with the pestle. Transfer the
  liver into test tube 4. Add 2 mL of hydrogen
  peroxide.
• 5. Add sand to test tube 5. Add 2 mL of
  hydrogen peroxide.
• 6. Obtain a 1 cm3 of liver, a pinch of sand and
  grind in a mortar with the pestle. Transfer the
  liver into test tube 5. Add 2 mL of
  hydrochloric acid to the test tube. Add 2 mL of
  hydrogen peroxide.
• Safety Avoid contact with hydrogen peroxide.
• Observations
• Prepare a data table of each test tube with
  detailed qualitative observations.
• Questions
• 1. What was the purpose of grinding the liver?
• 2. What was the purpose of test tube 5? What is
  the special name for this?
• 3. What 3 conditions was enzyme activity tested
  for?

28
Enzymes

• HIV Protease Inhibitor Drugs

29
Enzymes and reactions

• Lock and Key Model
• Substrate any reactant (such as a
  disaccharide).
• Enzyme is unchanged after the reaction.
• Active site is the key to fit into the substrate.

30

• Induced fit Model
• The substrate is close enough to the activity
  site that the reaction still occurs.
• Enzyme Clip.mov