UNIT 3: Biochemistry

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UNIT 3 Biochemistry

• BIG IDEA Organic compounds are necessary for
  life to exist

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Organic Molecules

• Organic compounds are made up of mostly Carbon
• Carbon can form 4 bondswith atoms of other
  elements as well as with itself
• Can form chains, branches and rings
• Enormous variety of molecule shapes

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Organic Molecules

• C can also share pairs of electrons
• Clusters of atoms can change the nature of
  organic molecules

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Organic Molecules

• Many are built by adding monomers together to
  build up larger polymers (macromolecule)
• Dehydration synthesis builds polymers
• Hydrolysis reaction breaks it down

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What is dehydration synthesis?

• Dehydration remove water
• Synthesis putting it together
• Putting two simple sugars together by removing
  water? Forms a disaccharide

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Hydrolysis

• Opposite of dehydration synthesis
• Separating disaccharide into two monosaccharide
  by adding water
• Maltose water? Glucose Glucose

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Example

• Glucose Glucose? Maltose Water

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Classes of Organic Molecules

• Four classes of organic molecules are essential
  to living things and their life processes
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

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Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates

• Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the
  ratio 1C 2H 1O
• Functions
• Major source of energy
• Some are also used for structural support
• Building block of a carb is a monosaccharide
  (simple sugar)

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Carbohydrates

• single sugar, building blocks
• ex. glucose, fructose, and galactose these are
  isomers
• Isomers same chemical formula, different
  structural formula

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Carbohydrates

• Many carbs are disaccharides
• ( 2 sugars linked by dehydration synthesis)
• ex. sucrose (glucose- fructose), maltose
  (glucose- glucose), lactose (glucose- galactose)
• Sucrose is table sugar
• Lactose is milk sugar

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Carbohydrates

• Polysaccarides-3 or more sugars, long branching
  chains of linked simple sugars, large and
  insoluble, functions as
• short-term storage of energy
• Starch plants
• Glycogen animals
• Cellulose structural support in plants (wood)

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Why are Carbs Important?

• Because they contain large amounts of energy that
  can be released by hydrolysis

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Lipids
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Lipids

• Nonpolar molecules, made of mostly C and H,
  some O.
• Functions
• Long term storage of energy, Structural molecule
  in cell membranes, Waterproof covering on plants,
  Chemical messengers steroids
• fats, oils, and waxes.

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Lipids

• Made up of fatty acids Glycerol and fatty acids

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Lipids- Glycerol Structure
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Lipids-Fatty acids
straight

• long carbon chains, with a group at one
  end.

carboxyl
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Lipids- Saturated Fatty Acid
single

• contains only _____________ bonds between carbon
  atoms.
• _________ at room temperature, for example
  ____________.

Solid
butter
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Lipids- Unsaturated Fatty Acid

• contains at least one ________ bond between
  carbon atoms. _________ at room temperature, for
  example ________.

double
Liquid
oil
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Lipids- Unsaturated Fatty Acid

• ________________________ contains more than one
  double bond between carbon atoms.
• Hydrogenation is the process of adding hydrogen
  to unsaturated fatty acids and results in bad
  trans-fats.

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
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dehydration

• A ______________ reaction links the fatty acids
  to the glycerol molecule making fat
  (triglyceride).

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Lipids

• Trigylcerides (fats)-
• energy storage
• 3 Fatty acids and a gylcerol
• Phospholipids-2
• Waxes
• Steroids

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Cholesterol Good or Bad?

• The Good News
• Essential compound in making animal cell
  membranes, hormones, and vitamin D.
• The Bad News
• Can build-up in arteries and cause heart attacks
  and strokes

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PROTEINS
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III. Proteins
amino acids

• composed of ___________, which are made up of C,
  H, N, O,and S atoms

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A. Amino acids
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• 1. There are ______ different amino acids that
  make up most proteins.

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2. Draw
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1. Amino acids are linked through the dehydration
   reaction by ____________ to form ____________.

peptide bonds
polypeptides
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1. Amino acids can be polar, non-polar, charged or
   uncharged. This affects the ________ of the
   protein.

structure
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B. Polypeptides very long chains of amino
acids.

• The amino acids in the chains interact with each
  other, forming different types of structures
• Helixes or coils

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Helix
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B. Polypeptides very long chains of amino
acids.

• The amino acids in the chains interact with each
  other, forming different types of structures
• Helixes or coils
• Pleated Sheets

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Pleated Sheets
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B. Polypeptides very long chains of amino
acids.

• The amino acids in the chains interact with each
  other, forming different types of structures
• Helixes or coils
• Pleated Sheets
• Globular

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Globular Protein
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structure

• C. The ___________ of a protein is greatly
  influenced by conditions such as
• Temperature
• pH

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D. Functions There are many different kinds of
proteins each with different roles.
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D. Functions
structural support

• Provide ________________ and
• ________________.
• Example keratin and collagen
• 2. Control the rate of _________ reactions
  enzymes

building material
chemical
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D. Functions

1. Carry and transport substances in and out of
   ____. Example hemoglobin
2. Fight against _______ antibodies

cells
disease
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IV. Nucleic Acids

• composed of a chain of ___________________.

nucleotides
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A. Nucleotide (draw it in)ElementsCHNOP
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a. Names of Nitrogenous Bases

1. Adenine (A)
2. Thymine (T)
3. Cytosine (C)
4. Guanine (G)

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• B. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double
  stranded molecule. It stores the hereditary
  information used to make _____________________.
• a. Nitrogenous bases pair up
• A and T
• G and C

proteins
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• C. RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a single stranded
  molecule, used in making proteins.
• a. Uses the nitrogenous base, Uracil (U) instead
  of Thymine