Title: Race and Ethnicity
1Chapter 9
2Chapter Outline
- Race and Ethnicity
- Prejudice
- Discrimination
- Sociological Perspectives on Race and Ethnic
Relations - Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States
- Global Racial and Ethnic Inequality in the Future
3What Is Race?
- Some people view race as
- Skin color the Caucasian race,
- Religion the Jewish race
- Nationality the British race
- Entire human species the human race
4Race and Biology
- A race is a category of people who have been
singled out as inferior or superior, on the basis
of real or alleged physical characteristics such
as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other
attributes. - Race has little meaning biologically due to
interbreeding in the human population.
5Polling Question
- Think about Whites in the U.S. compared to ethnic
and racial minority groups. To what extent do
you agree with the following statement Whites
as a group are very distinct from ethnic and
racial minority groups. - Strongly agree
- Agree somewhat
- Unsure
- Disagree somewhat
- Strongly disagree
6Characteristics of Ethnic Groups
- Unique cultural traits.
- A sense of community.
- A feeling of ethnocentrism.
- Ascribed membership from birth.
- Tendency to occupy a geographic area.
7How Much Do You Know About Race, Ethnicity, and
Sports?
- True or False?
- African Americans who competed in boxing matches
in the late 1800s often had to agree to lose
before they could obtain a match.
8How Much Do You Know About Race, Ethnicity, and
Sports?
- True.
- Promoters, who often set up boxing matches that
pitted fighters by race, assumed that white fans
were more likely to buy tickets if the white
fighters frequently won.
9How Much Do You Know About Race, Ethnicity, and
Sports?
- True or False?
- 6. Until recently, the positions of quarterback
and kicker in the National Football League have
been held almost exclusively by white players.
10How Much Do You Know About Race, Ethnicity, and
Sports?
- True.
- As late as the 1990s, whites accounted for about
90 percent of the quarterbacks and kickers on NFL
teams. However, this changed early in the
twenty-first century, and today there are some
African Americans playing virtually every
position on all professional football teams.
11Dominant and Subordinate Groups
- A dominant group is one that is advantaged and
has superior resources and rights in a society. - A subordinate group is one whose members are
disadvantaged and subjected to unequal treatment
by the dominant group and who regard themselves
as objects of collective discrimination.
12Prejudice
- A negative attitude based on generalizations
about members of selected racial, ethnic, or
other groups. - Ethnocentrism refers to the tendency to regard
ones own culture and group as the standard. - Stereotypes are overgeneralizations about the
appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of
members of particular categories.
13Racism
- A set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used
to justify the superior treatment of one racial
or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of
another racial or ethnic group. - Recent studies have shown that the underlying
reasoning behind racism differs according to
factors such as gender, age, class, and
geography.
14Mertons Typology ofPrejudice and Discrimination
15Theories of Prejudice
- Frustrationaggression hypothesis
- People who are frustrated in their efforts to
achieve a highly desired goal will respond with a
pattern of aggression toward others. - Authoritarian Personality
- Characterized by excessive conformity,
submissiveness to authority, intolerance,
insecurity, a high level of superstition, and
rigid, stereotypic thinking.
16Four Major Types of Discrimination
- Isolate discrimination - A prejudiced judge
giving harsher sentences to African American
defendants. - Small-group discrimination - Small group of white
students defacing a professors office with
racist epithets.
17Four Major Types of Discrimination
- Direct institutionalized discrimination -
Intentional exclusion of people of color from
public accommodations. - Indirect institutionalized discrimination -
Special education classes may have contributed to
racial stereotyping.
18Contact Hypothesis
- Contact between divergent groups should be
positive as long as group members - Have equal status.
- Pursue the same goals.
- Cooperate with one another to achieve goals.
- Receive positive feedback while interacting.
19Functionalist Perspectives on Race and Ethnic
Relations
- Assimilation A process by which members of
subordinate racial and ethnic groups become
absorbed into the dominant culture. - Ethnic PluralismThe coexistence of a variety of
distinct racial and ethnic groups within one
society.
20Conflict Perspectives on Race and Ethnic Relations
- The Caste Perspective views racial and ethnic
inequality as a permanent feature of U.S.
society. - Class perspectives emphasize the role of the
capitalist class in racial exploitation.
21Conflict Perspectives on Race and Ethnic Relations
- Internal Colonialism occurs when members of a
racial or ethnic group are forcibly placed under
the control of the dominant group. - Split Labor Market - The division of the economy
into a primary sector composed of higher paid
workers in more secure jobs, and a secondary
sector of lower-paid workers in jobs with little
security.
22Critical Race Theory
- Premises
- The belief that racism is such an ingrained
feature of U.S. society that it appears to be
ordinary and natural to many people. - The belief that interest convergence is a crucial
factor in bringing about social change.
23Perspectives on Race and Ethnic Relations
24Perspectives on Race and Ethnic Relations
25Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States
- Native Americans
- White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
- African Americans
- White Ethnic Americans
- Asian Americans
- Latinos/as
- Middle Eastern Americans
26Polling Question
- I would like to marry someone of a different
racial or ethnic group. - Strongly agree
- Agree somewhat
- Unsure
- Disagree somewhat
- Strongly disagree
27(No Transcript)
28Native Americans
- Most disadvantaged group in the U.S. in terms of
income, employment, housing, and nutrition. - As a group they have experienced
- Genocide
- Forced Migration
- Forced Assimilation
29African Americans
- Slavery was rationalized by stereotyping African
Americans as inferior and childlike. - Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1965 sought to
eliminate discrimination in education, housing,
employment and health care.
30Polling Question
- Descendents of slavery in the U.S. should be
given economic restitution by the U.S. government
for the consequences of slavery. - Strongly agree
- Agree somewhat
- Unsure
- Disagree somewhat
- Strongly disagree
31Asian Americans
- Fastest growing ethnic minority in the U.S.
- Includes Japanese, Korean, Filipino and
Indochinese Americans.
32Latinos/as(Hispanic Americans)
- Includes Mexican American's, Puerto Ricans and
Cuban Americans. - Many Mexican American families have lived in the
U.S. for 4 or 5 generations and have made
significant contributions. - In 1917, Puerto Ricans acquired U.S. citizenship
and the right to move freely to and from the
mainland.
33Middle Eastern Americans
- Includes immigrants from Egypt, Syria, Lebanon,
Iran, and Jordan. - The Lebanese, Syrians, and Iranians primarily
come from middle class backgrounds. - Most Iranian immigrants initially hoped to return
to Iran however, many have become U.S. citizens.
34Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the U.S.
- In 1980 white Americans made up 80 of the
population. - In 2000, white Americans made up 70 of the
population. - By 2056, the roots of the average U.S. resident
will be in Africa, Asia, Hispanic countries, the
Pacific Islands, or Arabianot white Europe.
35Odds of Being a Pro Athlete by Race/Ethnicity and
Sport
36Quick Quiz
37- 1. A category of people who have been singled
out as inferior or superior, often on the basis
of real or alleged physical characteristics such
as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other
subjectively selected attributes. - ethnic group
- age group
- gender
- race
38Answer D
- A category of people who have been singled out as
inferior or superior, often on the basis of real
or alleged physical characteristics such as skin
color, hair texture, eye shape, or other
subjectively selected attributes is a race.
39- 2. A collection of people distinguished by
others or by themselves, primarily on the basis
of cultural or nationality characteristics. - ethnic group
- race
- age group
- gender
40Answer A
- A collection of people distinguished by others or
by themselves, primarily on the basis of cultural
or nationality characteristics is an ethnic group.
41- 3. Overgeneralizations about the appearance,
behavior, or other characteristics of members of
particular categories. - stereotyping
- redlining
- scapegoating
- steering
42Answer A
- Overgeneralizations about the appearance,
behavior, or other characteristics of members of
particular categories is stereotyping.
43- 4. The deliberate, systematic killing of an
entire people or nation is called - genocide
- discrimination
- ethnic cleansing
- parricide
44Answer A
- The deliberate, systematic killing of an entire
people or nation is called genocide.
45- 5. Excessive conformity, submissiveness to
authority, intolerance, insecurity, a high level
of superstition, and rigid, stereotypic thinking
is called - group think
- psychological assimilation
- authoritarian personality
- social distancing
46Answer C
- Excessive conformity, submissiveness to
authority, intolerance, insecurity, a high level
of superstition, and rigid, stereotypic thinking
is called authoritarian personality.
47- 6. Blacks are considered to be an ethnic group.
- True.
- False.
48Answer B
- Blacks are not considered to be an ethnic group.