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Race and Ethnicity

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Title: Race and Ethnicity


1
Chapter 9
  • Race and Ethnicity

2
Chapter Outline
  • Race and Ethnicity
  • Prejudice
  • Discrimination
  • Sociological Perspectives on Race and Ethnic
    Relations
  • Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States
  • Global Racial and Ethnic Inequality in the Future

3
What Is Race?
  • Some people view race as
  • Skin color the Caucasian race,
  • Religion the Jewish race
  • Nationality the British race
  • Entire human species the human race

4
Race and Biology
  • A race is a category of people who have been
    singled out as inferior or superior, on the basis
    of real or alleged physical characteristics such
    as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other
    attributes.
  • Race has little meaning biologically due to
    interbreeding in the human population.

5
Polling Question
  • Think about Whites in the U.S. compared to ethnic
    and racial minority groups. To what extent do
    you agree with the following statement Whites
    as a group are very distinct from ethnic and
    racial minority groups.
  • Strongly agree
  • Agree somewhat
  • Unsure
  • Disagree somewhat
  • Strongly disagree

6
Characteristics of Ethnic Groups
  • Unique cultural traits.
  • A sense of community.
  • A feeling of ethnocentrism.
  • Ascribed membership from birth.
  • Tendency to occupy a geographic area.

7
How Much Do You Know About Race, Ethnicity, and
Sports?
  • True or False?
  • African Americans who competed in boxing matches
    in the late 1800s often had to agree to lose
    before they could obtain a match.

8
How Much Do You Know About Race, Ethnicity, and
Sports?
  • True.
  • Promoters, who often set up boxing matches that
    pitted fighters by race, assumed that white fans
    were more likely to buy tickets if the white
    fighters frequently won.

9
How Much Do You Know About Race, Ethnicity, and
Sports?
  • True or False?
  • 6. Until recently, the positions of quarterback
    and kicker in the National Football League have
    been held almost exclusively by white players.

10
How Much Do You Know About Race, Ethnicity, and
Sports?
  • True.
  • As late as the 1990s, whites accounted for about
    90 percent of the quarterbacks and kickers on NFL
    teams. However, this changed early in the
    twenty-first century, and today there are some
    African Americans playing virtually every
    position on all professional football teams.

11
Dominant and Subordinate Groups
  • A dominant group is one that is advantaged and
    has superior resources and rights in a society.
  • A subordinate group is one whose members are
    disadvantaged and subjected to unequal treatment
    by the dominant group and who regard themselves
    as objects of collective discrimination.

12
Prejudice
  • A negative attitude based on generalizations
    about members of selected racial, ethnic, or
    other groups.
  • Ethnocentrism refers to the tendency to regard
    ones own culture and group as the standard.
  • Stereotypes are overgeneralizations about the
    appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of
    members of particular categories.

13
Racism
  • A set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used
    to justify the superior treatment of one racial
    or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of
    another racial or ethnic group.
  • Recent studies have shown that the underlying
    reasoning behind racism differs according to
    factors such as gender, age, class, and
    geography.

14
Mertons Typology ofPrejudice and Discrimination
15
Theories of Prejudice
  • Frustrationaggression hypothesis
  • People who are frustrated in their efforts to
    achieve a highly desired goal will respond with a
    pattern of aggression toward others.
  • Authoritarian Personality
  • Characterized by excessive conformity,
    submissiveness to authority, intolerance,
    insecurity, a high level of superstition, and
    rigid, stereotypic thinking.

16
Four Major Types of Discrimination
  • Isolate discrimination - A prejudiced judge
    giving harsher sentences to African American
    defendants.
  • Small-group discrimination - Small group of white
    students defacing a professors office with
    racist epithets.

17
Four Major Types of Discrimination
  • Direct institutionalized discrimination -
    Intentional exclusion of people of color from
    public accommodations.
  • Indirect institutionalized discrimination -
    Special education classes may have contributed to
    racial stereotyping.

18
Contact Hypothesis
  • Contact between divergent groups should be
    positive as long as group members
  • Have equal status.
  • Pursue the same goals.
  • Cooperate with one another to achieve goals.
  • Receive positive feedback while interacting.

19
Functionalist Perspectives on Race and Ethnic
Relations
  • Assimilation A process by which members of
    subordinate racial and ethnic groups become
    absorbed into the dominant culture.
  • Ethnic PluralismThe coexistence of a variety of
    distinct racial and ethnic groups within one
    society.

20
Conflict Perspectives on Race and Ethnic Relations
  • The Caste Perspective views racial and ethnic
    inequality as a permanent feature of U.S.
    society.
  • Class perspectives emphasize the role of the
    capitalist class in racial exploitation.

21
Conflict Perspectives on Race and Ethnic Relations
  • Internal Colonialism occurs when members of a
    racial or ethnic group are forcibly placed under
    the control of the dominant group.
  • Split Labor Market - The division of the economy
    into a primary sector composed of higher paid
    workers in more secure jobs, and a secondary
    sector of lower-paid workers in jobs with little
    security.

22
Critical Race Theory
  • Premises
  • The belief that racism is such an ingrained
    feature of U.S. society that it appears to be
    ordinary and natural to many people.
  • The belief that interest convergence is a crucial
    factor in bringing about social change.

23
Perspectives on Race and Ethnic Relations
24
Perspectives on Race and Ethnic Relations
25
Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States
  • Native Americans
  • White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
  • African Americans
  • White Ethnic Americans
  • Asian Americans
  • Latinos/as
  • Middle Eastern Americans

26
Polling Question
  • I would like to marry someone of a different
    racial or ethnic group.
  • Strongly agree
  • Agree somewhat
  • Unsure
  • Disagree somewhat
  • Strongly disagree

27
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28
Native Americans
  • Most disadvantaged group in the U.S. in terms of
    income, employment, housing, and nutrition.
  • As a group they have experienced
  • Genocide
  • Forced Migration
  • Forced Assimilation

29
African Americans
  • Slavery was rationalized by stereotyping African
    Americans as inferior and childlike.
  • Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1965 sought to
    eliminate discrimination in education, housing,
    employment and health care.

30
Polling Question
  • Descendents of slavery in the U.S. should be
    given economic restitution by the U.S. government
    for the consequences of slavery.
  • Strongly agree
  • Agree somewhat
  • Unsure
  • Disagree somewhat
  • Strongly disagree

31
Asian Americans
  • Fastest growing ethnic minority in the U.S.
  • Includes Japanese, Korean, Filipino and
    Indochinese Americans.

32
Latinos/as(Hispanic Americans)
  • Includes Mexican American's, Puerto Ricans and
    Cuban Americans.
  • Many Mexican American families have lived in the
    U.S. for 4 or 5 generations and have made
    significant contributions.
  • In 1917, Puerto Ricans acquired U.S. citizenship
    and the right to move freely to and from the
    mainland.

33
Middle Eastern Americans
  • Includes immigrants from Egypt, Syria, Lebanon,
    Iran, and Jordan.
  • The Lebanese, Syrians, and Iranians primarily
    come from middle class backgrounds.
  • Most Iranian immigrants initially hoped to return
    to Iran however, many have become U.S. citizens.

34
Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the U.S.
  • In 1980 white Americans made up 80 of the
    population.
  • In 2000, white Americans made up 70 of the
    population.
  • By 2056, the roots of the average U.S. resident
    will be in Africa, Asia, Hispanic countries, the
    Pacific Islands, or Arabianot white Europe.

35
Odds of Being a Pro Athlete by Race/Ethnicity and
Sport
36
Quick Quiz
37
  • 1. A category of people who have been singled
    out as inferior or superior, often on the basis
    of real or alleged physical characteristics such
    as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other
    subjectively selected attributes.
  • ethnic group
  • age group
  • gender
  • race

38
Answer D
  • A category of people who have been singled out as
    inferior or superior, often on the basis of real
    or alleged physical characteristics such as skin
    color, hair texture, eye shape, or other
    subjectively selected attributes is a race.

39
  • 2. A collection of people distinguished by
    others or by themselves, primarily on the basis
    of cultural or nationality characteristics.
  • ethnic group
  • race
  • age group
  • gender

40
Answer A
  • A collection of people distinguished by others or
    by themselves, primarily on the basis of cultural
    or nationality characteristics is an ethnic group.

41
  • 3. Overgeneralizations about the appearance,
    behavior, or other characteristics of members of
    particular categories.
  • stereotyping
  • redlining
  • scapegoating
  • steering

42
Answer A
  • Overgeneralizations about the appearance,
    behavior, or other characteristics of members of
    particular categories is stereotyping.

43
  • 4. The deliberate, systematic killing of an
    entire people or nation is called
  • genocide
  • discrimination
  • ethnic cleansing
  • parricide

44
Answer A
  • The deliberate, systematic killing of an entire
    people or nation is called genocide.

45
  • 5. Excessive conformity, submissiveness to
    authority, intolerance, insecurity, a high level
    of superstition, and rigid, stereotypic thinking
    is called
  • group think
  • psychological assimilation
  • authoritarian personality
  • social distancing

46
Answer C
  • Excessive conformity, submissiveness to
    authority, intolerance, insecurity, a high level
    of superstition, and rigid, stereotypic thinking
    is called authoritarian personality.

47
  • 6. Blacks are considered to be an ethnic group.
  • True.
  • False.

48
Answer B
  • Blacks are not considered to be an ethnic group.
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