Representing Geographical Data Level 1 2001

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Representing Geographical Data Level 1 - 2001

• A History of Cartography
• by
• Alastair Pearson

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The beginnings

• Marshall Islands - stick charts
• Eskimo maps - ivory maps
• Middle East
• 3,800 BC Nuzi, Mesopotamia
• 500 BC Babylonian world map
• China, Hunan Province, China (2nd Century BC)

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The Earth Takes Shape

• Maps in the classical world
• Cosmos (order)
• based on Babylonian mathematics
• developed logical analysis
• Aristotle Plato - spherical Earth
• Eratosthenes - measured circumference
• Ptolemy - 'Geographia'
• 'dark ages' in western cartography followed

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Oriental and Islamic Mapping

• Mapping in China
• 1137 example
• coordinate system
• printing
• paper production
• high accuracy
• 1155 first printed map

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• Mapping in Islam
• Edrisi (1099-1166) world map
• influenced by works of Ptolemy
• Arab travels
• estimation of longitude and latitude

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Medieval EuropePost Roman rise of ecclesiastical
power

• Two main types of maps
• 1. Symbolic and theoretical
• T-O Maps
• Hereford World Map c.1280
• Ebstorfe Map c.1284

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East
ASIA
North
South
Don
Nile
EUROPE
AFRICA
Med
West
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• 2. Practical
• Portolan charts
• Enigmatic - accuracy?
• Navigation charts
• Aslake Map 14th Century

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Rejuvenation of Western Cartography

• The Renaissance in Europe
• Early C14th Dante and Petrarch in Italy
• potential of the individual
• belief in education
• enlarge bounds of learning
• skepticism free thought
• acceptance of Greek Latin literature (rebirth)

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• Renaissance given added impetus by-
• i) Rediscovery of Ptolemy's Geographia
• ii) Invention of printing
• iii) Age of discovery

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Impact on Cartography

• Examples
• 1. Martin Beheim's Globe 1492
• 2. Martin Waldseemuller's world map 1516
• 3. Abraham Ortelius' World Map 1587

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Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment and the
Growth of the National State
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Scientific development

• experimentation related to observation
• new instruments
• improve existing instruments
• increase accuracy
• increase range of observation

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• Typified by
• 1543 Nicolaus Copernicus - 'De revolutionibus
  orbium'
• - heliocentric theory of the universe
• - revived observations of Aristarchus
• Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
• - mapped the moon (early remote sensing)

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• Technological developments
• Triangulation
• Gemma Frisius 1533 - locate positions by
  intersecting rays
• Plane table
• Leonard Digges 1571
• Logarithms
• John Napier (1550-1617) and Henry Biggs
  (1561-1630)

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• Pendulum clock
• Christian Huygens 1657
• Odometer, magnetic compass, theodolite developed
• Harrison's Timepiece (Chronometer)
• John Harrison 1765

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National Mapping

• The Survey of France
• Giovanni Domenico Cassini (1625-1712)
• triangulation
• uniform standards and symbols
• measured arc of 1 degree of latitude
• detailed coastal survey
• triangulation formed basis if topographic series
  of maps

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• Survey of Britain
• William Roy 1783 began trig. survey
• survey of Scotland
• 1" survey of England
• 1858 12500 cultivated areas
• 110560 uncultivated moorland
• 1500 urban areas

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Thematic Mapping and Navigation Charts

• Development - factors
• a) specialist studies
• astronomy
• physics
• geology
• biology
• social sciences
• geography

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• b) Industrial expansion of C19th
• census
• statistical techniques
• population studies
• urban planning

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20th Century Mapping

• Two world wars
• Development of the airplane - photogrammetry
• Development of the satellite - satellite image
  processing
• Digital mapping GIS
• Extra terrestrial mapping