Oceanography

1
Oceanography
Geological Sciences 4
DeNiro/Valentine
2
Logistics
CLASS IS FULL
NO ADDS
3
Logistics
WORKBOOK (Bookstore, Required, Read Pages 1-9)
TEXTBOOK (Garrison, 4th Ed)
LAB SECTIONS (Start Today!)
4
Logistics
This course will be VERY quantitative.
Pretest will be given out at end of class today.
5
4H Students
Meet with DeNiro After Class
6
I plan to make the first 8 lectures available
through my website www.geol.ucsb.edu/dlv/ Link
to Teaching
7
Lecture 1 An Ocean World
Garrison, pages 7-16
About 71 of Earths surface is ocean.
Why did you come to UCSB?
8
Look For The Following Key Ideas
Marine science, or oceanography, is the
process of discovering unifying principles in
data obtained from the ocean. The objects in
our solar system condensed about 5 billion years
ago. Earth is density stratified. The
ocean and atmosphere are the least dense
layers. Life on Earth may have arisen in the
ocean. Other planets and moons may have, or
may have had, oceans.
9
Overview
Oceanography (Science) Origin and Evolution
of Earth Planet Ocean Life Conclude,
Recap, etc
10
Marine Science, Oceanography, And The Nature Of
Science
Marine Science, or Oceanography, integrates many
different types of science.

• ? Marine geology- the study of Earths crust and
  composition
• ? Physical oceanography- the study of waves and
  currents, climate prediction
• ? Marine biology the study of the nature and
  distribution of marine organisms
• ? Chemical oceanography-the study of gases and
  solids dissolved in the ocean
• Marine engineering-the design and construction of
  structures used in or on the ocean
• Marine anthropology -the study of human
  interactions with the sea
• Hybrid fields

11
The Nature Of Science
What methods do marine scientists use to obtain
and interpret data? Scientific methods are not a
simple set of steps followed by every researcher
to answer every question. However, some
questions can be answered by using the following
method Ask a question ? Form a working
hypothesis ? Observe or experiment ? Form
theories and laws
12
An overview of the scientific method, a process
of asking questions and testing the answers
through scientific theory.
Take Home
Healthy Skepticism!
13
Oceanography in Action
14
(No Transcript)
15
(No Transcript)
16
(No Transcript)
17
(No Transcript)
18
(No Transcript)
19
(No Transcript)
20
(No Transcript)
21
The Origin Of Earth
What do we know about the origin of the
Universe? The Big Bang is the term used to
describe the beginning of the universe, probably
about 13 billion years ago. As the universe
expanded, it cooled, eventually allowing the
formation of atoms, which then formed galaxies
and stars.
22
A Timeline Of Earths History
23
Stars
What do stars have to do with the ocean? Most of
the substance of Earth, its ocean, and all living
things, was formed by stars. Every chemical
element heavier than hydrogen was manufactured
and released into space by stars.
Our sun, like all normal stars, is powered by
nuclear fusion.
24
Solar Origin
Gravitational Contraction
Disk Protostar
Heating Ejection
Fusion!
25
Earth And Ocean
How did Earth become density stratified? ?
Young Earth was probably homogeneous ? Heat
and gravitational pressure caused Earth to
partially melt ? Gravity then pulled the iron
present into the center of Earth ? This
heated Earth further ? Lighter minerals
migrated to Earths surface and formed the crust
? lasted 100 million years
26
The Formation Of Earth
Young Earth, a homogeneous mixture of materials.
27
The Formation Of Earth
2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning,
Inc..
Iron moved toward the center of Earth, forming
the core.
28
The Formation Of Earth
Density stratification results in an inner and
outer core, a mantle and crust.
29
Water And Water Vapor
How did water and water vapor form on early
Earth? ? The Sun stripped away Earths first
atmosphere ? Gases, including water vapor,
released by the process of outgassing, replaced
the first atmosphere. ? Water vapor in the
atmosphere condensed into clouds. ? After
millions of years, the clouds cooled enough for
water droplets to form. ? Hot rain fell and
boiled back into the clouds. ? Eventually, the
surface cooled enough for water to collect in
basins.
30
The Early Atmosphere
No Oxygen (O2)
Similar Nitrogen (N2)
More Methane (CH4)
More CO2
The early atmosphere was different from the
atmosphere today.
Take Home
31
Early Life on Earth
Miller-Urey Organic compounds needed for life
can be formed from simple molecules
32
Early Life on Earth
Oldest Fossils 3.5 billion Photosynthetic? Active
Debate
Take Home
Trust, but Verify
33
A Timeline Of Earths History
34
The Distant Future Of Earth
How long can Earth exist? ? Our Sun will begin
to die in 5 billion years. ? 6 billion years
from now the sun will enter the red giant phase
and will engulf the inner planets (including
Earth). ? At that time, Earth will probably be
recycled into component atoms (including yours).
35
Comparative Oceanography
Where have scientists found evidence of water?
? Europa and Ganymede - moons of the planet
Jupiter ? Mars may have had an ocean in the
distant past, subsurface water. ? Titan
Saturns largest moon, may have an ocean of
hydrocarbons
36
Europa
37
Europa-Ice Sheet Reconstruction
38
Recap
Oceanography (How Science is Done) Origin and
Evolution of Earth Planet (Big Bang ? Big
Rock) Ocean (Early Atmos ? Water) Life (Miller
? Microbes) Fate (Fiery Death) Oceans NOT of
this Earth
39
Chapter 1 Summary
Nearly three quarters of Earth is covered with
ocean. The oceans affect every aspect of life on
Earth. In fact, the ocean is where life probably
began.
40
Next Lecture pages 146-152

• The Water Molecule
• chemistry and properties
• Heat
• phases of matter, transitions, problems
• Global Implications
• temperature and global glaciations
• Properties of Water