Oceanography

1
Oceanography

• Ch 17

2
The Water Planet
3
The Water Planet

• Covered by one hydrosphere
• Five parts to the ocean

4
Pacific Ocean

• The pacific ocean is the largest of all oceans
  covering 63,186,000 square miles ( a little more
  than half of the worlds ocean water)
• Covering almost 30 of the Earths surface

5
Atlantic Ocean

• Second largest extending the longest distance
  from north to south

6
Indian Ocean

• Was first known as the Indian Sea until the
  1500s then they changed it to an Ocean
• The third largest

7
Arctic Ocean

• The smallest of oceans in the Northern Region of
  the Earth

8
Antarctic Ocean

• The second smallest located in the southern
  region of the Earth

9
Ocean Depth Compared to Elevation

• The average ocean Depth is 4 times greater then
  the average elevation on Earth

10
Land vs Ocean
11
Father of Oceanography

• Lt. Matthew Fontaine Maury of the US Navy
• Wrote the first English version book on the ocean

12
Alvin who?
13
Salinity Of Sea Water
14
Salinity

• Is a measure of the dissolved solids in sea water
• The main component of sea water in common salt,
  or Sodium Chloride.
• The average salinity in the oceans is 35 parts
  per 1000 parts of sea water.

15
Salinity changes How?

• Below average
• In areas of high rainfall
• Where glaciers enter the water at the mouths of
  the rivers
• Baltic Sea has only 30 parts of dissolved salts,
  due to the fact that many rivers and glaciers
  drain into it
• Above average
• In Areas that are Hot and Dry
• Polar regions
• Due to freshwater freezing

16
Why is it important to know temp, salinity and
density of water?

• Salinity, this is important in determine the
  water masses
• When the temperature of the water is know it
  allows the scientist to use it in conjunction
  with the salinity and find the density of the
  water.
• Density, is important to understand how water
  masses move through the ocean and mix together.

17
Composition of Sea Water
18
Mining the Ocean Water

• There are so many elements found in the ocean
  BUT
• IT IS SO EXPENSIVE TO MINE IT THAT IT IS NOT
  WORTH IT!

19
The Temperature of Ocean Water
20
Heating the Oceans

• The sun is the main source of energy and heating
  for the oceans
• The light doesnt penetrate far into the water
  which is why the water cools fast the depth
  increases.
• Because of this there are Three Layers in the
  oceans

21
The Three Layers of the Ocean

• Mixed layer the surface layer the area is one
  in which the wind and waves mix the heat
  throughout this layer
• Can extend from depths of 100 meters to even 300
  meters along the equator regions
• The average temperature of this layer is 30
  degrees Celsius (varying around the poles as well
  as the equator)

22
The Three Layers

• Thermocline, the region below the mix layer,
  these temperature drop rapidly throughout this
  layer
• Temperatures in this layer are very cold even
  along the equator (there temperatures could even
  read 5 degrees Celsius)

23
The last of the Three Layers

• Deep Water, the area below the thermocline
• This area is pretty consistent with the
  temperature a chilling 2 degrees Celsius,
  pretty much year round.

24
Are there always three layers

• NO
• In the polar regions the water is always colder
  not allowing three different zones
• Also inland there are some areas where the
  polar waters dont mix in
• This allows the bottom layers of the ocean to
  read about 12 degrees Celsius
• Straits of Gibraltar

25
Graph of the three layers
26
Life in the Ocean

• Besides all the animals you see what is there
  that you dont see?
• Phytoplankton
• Diatoms
• zooplankton
• All of these need oxygen to convert their food
  into energy

27
Phytoplankton

• Live in the mixed layer
• The most important plant group in the ocean
• Produce there own food, from sunlight and energy
• They are floaters and drifters they go where
  the waves and currents take them

28
Diatoms

• One shelled organisms that build up a shell of
  silica
• Some make two shells that fit together like a
  pill box

29
Zooplankton

• Feed on phytoplankton
• They are the major food source for all animals in
  the ocean feeding everything from small fishes
  to large whales (invertebrates, and some
  plants/corals as well)
• Found in the mixed layer

30
Black Smokers

• 380 degrees Celsius water erupts from chimney
  like structures
• This happens when cold water hit the hot basalt
  now hot the water dissolves minerals in the
  basalt and forms gases

31
What are the black clouds?

• These clouds form when the hot water erupts and
  reacts with the surrounding sea water to form
  clouds of black iron sulfide particles.
• The hydrogen sulfide gas is good!
• Certain bacteria thrive off of it.
• Then this bacteria is food for things like
  plankton, larvae .