ASTER APPLICATIONS TO EARTH SCIENCE

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ASTERAPPLICATIONS TO EARTH SCIENCE

• Anne Kahle1, Michael Abrams1, Ronald Alley1, Alan
  Gillespie2, Frank Palluconi1, David Pieri1,
  Michael Ramsey3, Laurence Rowan4, Thomas
  Schmugge5, Will Stevanov6, Kurt Thome7, Rick
  Wessels8
• 1 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena,
  California, USA
• 2 University of Washington, Seattle, Washington,
  USA
• 3 University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh,
  Pennsylvania, USA
• 4 U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, USA
• 5 USDA/ARS Hydrology and Remote Sensing Lab,
  Beltsville, Maryland, USA
• 6 Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
• 7 University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
• 8 Arizona State University/U.S. Geological
  Survey, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA

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ASTER Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and
Reflection Radiometer
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ASTER Bands
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• ASTER high spatial resolution observations from
  the visible through the thermal infrared spectral
  regions are being used to study
• Surface properties such as temperature,
  emissivity, and reflectivity
• Elements of the surface heat balance including
  radiative, sensible, and latent heat fluxes as
  inputs to models of the global energy and climate
  systems
• Evapotranspiration and hydrology
• Glacier extent, velocities, and changes
• Volcanoes, including eruption monitoring
• Geology and topography of the land surface
• Coral reefs and coastal processes
• Patterns of vegetation, land use, and surface
  change
• Sea ice extent and albedo and the areas of open
  leads and meltponds
• Hazard monitoring, including wild fires,
  landslides, flooding
• Urban monitoring

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ALGORITHM DEVELOPMENT

• Science algorithm selected by appropriate working
  group (joint U.S./Japanese)
• Algorithm developer creates prototype software
• Product generation group builds operational
  software
• Software installed at DAAC (EDC)
• Developer validates, modifies, updates
• Example MODIS and MISR atmospheric data now in
  process of being incorporated

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DECORRELATION STRETCHRonald Alley, Jet
Propulsion Laboratory

• Available for each telescope separately
• Enhances spectral differences by removing
  interband correlation
• Used as browse for selecting suitable scenes for
  further research

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Death Valley CA VNIR 3 2 1
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3 2 1
3 2 1 DST
4 6 8 DST
13 12 10 DST
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Death Valley CA VNIR 3 2 1 DST
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Death Valley CA SWIR 4 6 8 DST
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Death Valley CA TIR 13 12 10 DST
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Death Valley CA TIR draped over DEM
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BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURERonald Alley, Jet
Propulsion Laboratory

• Apparent temperature, assuming a surface
  emissivity, with no atmospheric correction
• Used to observe volcanoes, fire, ice leads, etc.
• Used for cloud top temperatures, which are
  excluded from surface radiance calculations

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Brightness Temperature - Land
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Brightness Temperature - Water
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SURFACE RADIANCE VNIR SWIR Kurt Thome,
University of Arizona

• Algorithm uses RTC to correct at satellite
  radiance to surface radiance
• Method assumes atmospheric properties are known
  from other sources, e.g., satellite sensor data,
  ground based measurements, climatology

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SURFACE RADIANCE TIRFrank Palluconi, Jet
Propulsion Laboratory

• Algorithm uses RTC to correct at satellite
  radiance to surface radiance
• Method assumes atmospheric properties are known
  from other sources, e.g., satellite sensor data,
  ground based measurements, climatology

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ASTER Level 2 Data Product AST 09T Surface
Leaving Radiance And Sky Irradiance Lake
Tahoe 27 February 2002 Example
Surface Leaving Radiance
(W/m2/sr/µm)
Sky Irradiance (W/me/µm)
Band 13
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TEMPERATURE/EMISSIVITYSEPARATIONAlan Gillespie,
University of Washington, Shuichi Rokugawa, Tokyo
University

• Algorithm
• Combination of alpha residual and MMD algorithms
• Accuracy
• 1-2K and 0.01-0.02 emissivity units

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Death Valley CA color-coded Temperature
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Death Valley - Emissivity
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ASTER DEMMichael Abrams, Jet Propulsion
Laboratory

• Relative or absolute
• 30 m postings
• Produced from Level 1A 3N and 3B images
• Created at EDCDAAC through EDG tool

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San Bernardino CA
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Color, shaded relief ASTER DEM San Bernardino
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3-D Perspective View to NW along San Andreas
Fault near San Bernardino CA
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3-D Perspective View looking NE over Grand Canyon
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3-D Perspective View over Grand Canyon Looking
East
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ASTER POLAR CLOUD MASKRon Welch, University of
Alabama in Huntsville

• Neural network based supervised classifier
• Accuracy gt 90 for cloud detection
• Also applicable to nonpolar imagery

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Classifier Results for GreenlandJuly 30, 2000
RGB Color Composite
Classifier Result Image
Red Ch 14 grey flippedGreen Ch 4Blue Ch 1All
Channels histogram equalized
Blue water Green land White snow/ice Orange
water cloud
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Classifier Results for Siberia, RussiaOctober 8,
2000
RGB Color Composite
Classifier Result Image
Green land White snow/ice Orange water
cloud Pink cirrus Grey shadow
Red Ch 14 grey flippedGreen Ch 4Blue Ch 1All
Channels histogram equalized
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Validation Results for Barrow AK ARM SiteApril
22, 2002
Cloud Cover Validation Results
RGB Color Composite
ASTER Polar Cloud Mask 1 Whole Sky
Imager 1 Vaisalla Ceilometer 1
Red Ch 14 grey flippedGreen Ch 4Blue Ch 1

• Circled area is 15km radius around Barrow ARM
  site
• /- 15 minute time average used for Vaisalla
  Ceilometer

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Validation Results for Barrow AK ARM SiteApril
21, 2001
RGB Color Composite
Cloud Cover Validation Results
ASTER Polar Cloud Mask 62 Whole Sky
Imager 72 Vaisalla Ceilometer 88
Red Ch 14 grey flippedGreen Ch 4Blue Ch 1

• Circled area is 15km radius around Barrow ARM
  site
• /- 15 minute time average used for Vaisalla
  Ceilometer

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APPLICATIONS

• Surface Energy Balance
• Geology
• Wild Fires
• Urban Monitoring
• Glacial Monitoring
• Volcano Monitoring
• Wetland Studies
• Land Use

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Surface Energy Balance
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Surface Energy Balance from ASTER data
El Reno OK, 4-Sep-2000, Kustas Norman 2-source
model
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ASTER data of El Reno OK, 4-Sep-2000 NDVI
Surface Temperature
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Relation between Surface Temperature NDVI
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Geology
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Kunlun Fault, Tibet showing left-lateral strike
slip displacement
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Richat Structure, Mauritania, Africa
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Salt Dome in Iran
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Return to Cuprite
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Tonopah
West-central Nevada ASTER SWIR 4-6-8 RGB
saturation stretched
Goldfield
Cuprite
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ASTER 4-6-8 RGB saturation stretch
Goldfield
Cuprite
Tonopah
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ASTER SWIR data for Cuprite classified using
Spectral Angle Mapper
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SWIR Mineral spectra ASTER image USGS library
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ASTER TIR Cuprite, NV
Night TIR Bands 13-12-10 RGB Dstretch
Day TIR Bands 13-12-10 RGB saturation stretch
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Escondido Copper Mine, Chile
VNIR
SWIR
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Wild Fires
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Hayman Fire, Colorado
June 16, 2002 ASTER bands 8-3-2 as RGB
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Biscuit Fire, Colorado August, 2002
ASTER bands 123 as natural color with band 8
(red) for active fires
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Tornado Rips Through Maryland
On April 28, 2002 an F5 tornado destroyed La
Plata, killing 5 and injuring 100.
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Urban Monitoring
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Urban Environmental Monitoring (UEM) Project at
Arizona State University
Classification of Paris, France Land Cover
ASTER visible near- infrared data
acquired 23-May-01 Green Vegetated/Rural Blue
Water Red Built Material/Urban Built
Material land cover in scene 31
23 km
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Urban Environmental Monitoring (UEM) Project at
Arizona State University
Assessment of Urban Growth for Lyon, France
Green Vegetated/Rural Blue Water Red Built
Material/Urban
20 km
20 km
Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) data acquired
20-Mar-73 (80 m/pixel)
ASTER visible to near infrared data acquired
26-Jun-01 (15 m/pixel)
Built Material land cover in scene 50
Built Material land cover in scene 61
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Paris, France
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Eiffel Tower
Arc de Triomphe
Louvre
La Defense
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Growth of Riyadh Saudi Arabia
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Growth of Boston, Massachusets
ASTER Visible Image 1838
Map
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Glacial Monitoring
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Global Land Ice Measurements from Space
View from top of Llewellyn Glacier, British
Columbia

• Goal is to determine the extent of worlds
  glaciers and the rate at which they are changing.
• Acquire global set of ASTER images
• Map global extent of land ice
• Analyze interannual changes in length, area,
  surface flow fields

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Patagonia Glacier in Chile
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College Fjord, AK
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ASTER Ice velocities Apr 00 Apr 01
Courtesy of Andreas Kaeaeb
Mt. Cook
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N. Patagonia Ice Field
GLIMS.org
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ASTER Ice detection
1973 inventory
1999 TM
2001 ASTER
1 km
Courtesy of Andreas Kaeaeb
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Tasman glacier
Tasman glacier,NZ
Mt. Cook
Courtesy of Andreas Kaeaeb
25 km
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Ice velocity / lake growth
1 km
Courtesy of Andreas Kaeaeb
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Volcano Monitoring
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ASTER data are improving our knowledge of the
dynamics of magma rise, intrusion, and eruption

• Volcanism is a surface manifestation of mantle
  convection.
• ASTER observations of volcanos thermal behavior
  and eruptions improve our understanding of
  dynamics
• Systematic monitoring of volcanoes by ASTER
  enhances our abilities to predict eruptions

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Popocatepetl Volcano, Mexico Summit Crater in
2000-2001
Sept 6, 00
Oct 10, 00
Nov 11, 00
Jan 2, 01
Band 5 Band 14
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Popocatepetl Volcano, Mexico January 2, 2001
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6
7
8
4
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Crater
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13
11
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Puu Oo Flows, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii
May 13, 2000 May 22, 2000 June 30,
2000
August 1, 2000 January 1, 2001 May 25,
2001
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Monitoring Example Bezymianny

• Bezymianny Volcano
• Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia
• large, crater-forming eruption in 1955-1956
• first activity in over 1000 years
• dome-forming activity less-common Plinean
  eruptions
• gt 30 ASTER scenes (May 2000 - Jan. 2001)

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Results Bezymianny
High Quality Scenes 14 TIR (significant thermal
anomalies) 4 SWIR (significant thermal
anomalies) 1 VNIR (cloud-free) Thermal Anomalies
Detected from June, 2000 (TIR) during Sept-Oct
heightened activity phase (SWIR) corresponds to
AVHRR

• Higher Spatial Resolution
• detailed structure of the dome and hot flow
  material
• allowed for model-derived surface texture
  mapping
• first successful application to active dome
  monitoring

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Results Bezymianny
ASTER TIR greater radiometric sensitivity
resolve anomalies lt100 C higher spatial
resolution 90m vs. 1.1km location and movement of
anomalies
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Three sisters, Cascades, Oregon 10 cm uplift
since 1996
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Volcanic SO2 flux monitoring with ASTER

• SO2 rich plume absorbs 8.6µm thermal emission
  from the sea
• surface -gt Lower brightness temperature for
  band 11 (Cyan color).
• SO2 flux was estimated at 3 - 10 x104 t/day on
  Nov. 8, 2000.
• 
  

Miyakejima Island, Japan
SO2 plume
by M. Urai of the Geoloical Survey of Japan
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Perspective Views of Mt. St. Helens Volcano
August 8, 2000 image combination of ASTER DEM
and bands 2 3 1
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Mt. St. Helens, WA in August 2000
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ASTER DEM Change Detection
Etna summit
Line 215
A
Approx. Location of Line 215
A
B
1992 Lava Flow above Val Calanna
B
Line 215

• 1991-93 lava accumulation is visible in ASTER
  DEM topographic profile.
• Current ASTER DEM change detection threshold
  ?50m.

A
B
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July 25, 2001 Eruption of Mt. Etna
Visible Image TIR Image
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January 2002 Eruption of Nyiragongo Volcano, Congo
Nyiragongo erupted January 17, 2002 sending
streams of lave through the town of Goma. More
than 100 people were killed. This perspective
view combines ASTER thermal data (red) showing
the active lava flows and lava in the crater
Landsat Thematic Mapper image, and Shuttle Radar
Topography Mission digital elevation data.
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Chiliques Volcano Awakens in Chile
ASTER nighttime thermal data discovered thermal
anomaly in January 2002, continuing in April
2002. Visible image reveals 2 crater lakes at
summit, that have suddenly become hot. Chilliques
has shown no historic activity, but may be
re-awakening.
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Wetland Studies
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San Francisco Visible bands
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Sediment Image
Temperature Image
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Junction of Amazon and Rio Negro at Manaus
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Drought in New York
The Ashokan Reservoir in New York (top) has
shrunk to 52 capacity due to drought in the
spring of 2002.
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Po River Delta
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Po River Delta
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Mississippi River Delta
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Istanbul and the Bospurus Strait
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Lake Garda, Italy
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Water Clarity Degradation, Lake Tahoe
Since 1965, water clarity has degraded 1 per
year. Algae and urban growth are to blame.
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Land Use
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ASTER Science Team Meeting 01/14/02
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Nuclear Power Plants, Illinois. Visible images
(top) and TIR images (bottom)
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Agricultural Land Use Map
ASTER
(Kushiro city, Hokkaido, Japan)
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Nazca Lines, Peru
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Forest clear-cutting in Oregon
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3 Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River, China
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US-Mexico border at Mexicali
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Great Wall of China
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Teotihuacan, Mexico
Growing to 100,000 inhabitants in the 4th
century, Teotihuacan was abandoned in the 9th
century. Massive pyramids were used for religious
ceremonies.