Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer ASTER

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Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and
Reflection Radiometer (ASTER)

• Michael Abrams, JPL
• August, 2007
• iGETT

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ASTER Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and
Reflection Radiometer
What is ASTER?

• Launched in Dec. 1999 on NASAs Terra platform
• High spatial resolution (15-90 m),
• 14 band imaging instrument
• Data in VIS, NIR, SWIR, TIR
• Stereo capability
• 60 km swath, lt16 day repeat cycle

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ASTER Joint Japan/U.S. Project

• ASTER instrument was built for Japans Ministry
  of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI)
• Japan/US Science Team provided science
  requirements
• Launched on NASAs Terra platform
• Japan and US operate parallel data systems for
  archiving and distribution of products

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ASTER Primary Objectives

• To improve understanding of the local- and
  regional-scale processes occurring on or near the
  earths surface.

Obtain high spatial resolution image data in the
visible through the thermal infrared regions.
ASTER is the zoom lens of Terra!
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Terra Launch from VAFB, December 1999
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ASTER Characteristics

• Wide Spectral Coverage
• 3 bands in VNIR (0.52 0.86 µm)
• 6 bands in SWIR (1.6 2.43 µm)
• 5 bands in TIR (8.125 11.65 µm)
• High Spatial Resolution
• 15m for VNIR bands
• 30m for SWIR bands
• 90m for TIR bands
• Along-Track Stereo Capability
• B/H 0.6
• DEM Elevation accuracy 15m
• DEM Geolocation accuracy 50m

Terra
ASTER
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Instrument Characteristics
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ASTER Bandpasses
Landsat Thematic Mapper
ASTER
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Visible-NIR
Visible-NIR
Short Wave IR
Thermal IR
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ASTER Observation Modes
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ASTER Cross-Track Pointing

• EOS Terra Orbit Interval 172 km at the
  equator
• ASTER Imaging Swath 60 km
• Fixed 7 Pointing Positions
• Arbitrary Pointing (rare
  cases)
• Total Coverage in Cross-Track Direction by
  Pointing
• Full Mode 232 km (116 km / 8.55 degrees)
• Recurrent Period 16 days (48 days for
  average)
• VNIR 636 km ( 318 km / 24 degrees)
• Recurrent Pattern 2-5-2-7 days (4 days
  average)

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Comparison between ASTER and the other imagers

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Who can request for what?

• Anyone can request any existing ASTER data
  products from the archives
• Anyone can request to generate new higher level
  data products, if Level-1 data of the target
  area exists.
• Authorized users can submit data acquisition
  requests (xARs) in order to acquire new ASTER
  data.
• ASTER Operation is based upon xARs.
• The ASTER scheduler automatically
  generates
• One Day Schedule (ODS) every day.

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Science Prioritization ofASTER data acquisition

• NASA HQ, GSFC, and METI have charged the Science
  Team with developing the strategy for
  prioritization of ASTER data acquisition
• Must be consistent with EOS goals, the Long Term
  Science Plan, and the NASA-METI MOU
• Must be approved by EOS Project Scientist

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ASTER Operation Complexity

• Data Acquisition Based Upon Users Requests
• Instrument Operation Constraints
• (1) Data Rate
• Maximum average data rate 8.3 Mbps
• Peak data rate 89.2 Mbps
  
• (2) Power Consumption
• (3) Pointing Change
• 3. Selection of Operation Mode / Gain Settings
• 4. Utilization of Cloud Prediction Data

Duty Cycle 8
Automatic Generation of Data Acquisition Schedule
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Example of ASTER ODS, Nov.11, 2001
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ASTER Observed Scenes 1,450,000
Launch to April 07

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ASTER Standard Data Products

• AST_L1A Reconstructed Unprocessed Instrument
  Data
• AST_L1B Registered Radiance at the Sensor
• AST_04 Brightness Temperature at the
  Sensor
• AST_05 Surface Emissivity
• AST_06 Decorrelation Stretch (VNIR, SWIR,
  TIR)
• AST_07 Surface Reflectance (VNIR, SWIR)
• AST_08 Surface Kinetic Temperature
• AST_09 Surface Radiance (VNIR, SWIR, TIR)
• AST_13 Polar Surface and Cloud Classification
• AST_14 ASTER Digital Elevation Model
• AST_14OTH Orthorectified L1B

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ASTER Data Availability and Access

• ASTER Data and Products Available from -
• Land Process DAAC
• ASTER GDS in Japan
• LP DAAC Data Access Tools
• EOS Data Gateway (EDG)
• GloVis (browse based)
• DataPool (L1B data over U.S. and Territories)
• ASTER Pricing Policy
• 80 (ftp) and 91 (media) for general users
• No charge for EOS and NASA investigators and
  approved educational users
• DataPool Data are free to all users
• ASTER Data Acquisition
• Limited to 8 duty cycle
• Acquisitions driven by requests and global
  mapping strategies

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GloVis

• USGS Global Visualization Viewer
• ASTER, Landsat, MODIS, etc. data
• Browse image viewer has entire ASTER archive
• Full order capability

http//glovis.usgs.gov
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DataPool

• USGS DataPool
• ASTER MODIS, data
• Has rolling 2-year ASTER archive
• Only data for US and territories
• Only Level 1B data
• FTP download
• NO CHARGE!

http//edcdaac.usgs.gov/datapool/datapool.asp
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ASTER Overview of Corpus Christi Area
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ASTER Overview of Corpus Christi
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ASTER Zoom of Del Mar East Campus
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ASTER Zoom of Del Mar East Campus
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Lake Tahoe Water Clarity and Temperature
ASTER CIR Composite Image Nov. 7, 2000
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Lake Tahoe Relative Water Depth
From ASTER Band 1 Data
Lake Tahoe Bathymetric Map
After Hook, et. al., 2006
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Lake Tahoe Water Clarity Map
After Hook, et. al., 2006
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Lake Tahoe Water Temperature
Annual Water Temperature Cycles Lake Tahoe
After Hook, et. al., 2006
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ASTER Brightness Temperature at Sensor Images
July 7, 2001
June 3, 2001
After Hook, et. al., 2006
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Shrimp Farm Development - Ecuador
Shrimp Pond Construction
General Location Map
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Shrimp Farm Development - Ecuador
Landsat TM CIR Image 1991
ASTER CIR Image 2001
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Shrimp Farm Development - Ecuador
1991 Landsat TM Classification (Green
Vegetation Blue Shrimp Ponds
2001 ASTER Classification (Green Vegetation
Blue Shrimp Ponds
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Shrimp Farm Development - Ecuador
New Ponds
Water to Vegetation
Shrimp Pond Change Image 1991-2001
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Central Great Lakes Geologic Mapping Coalition
Project
Location of ASTER Scenes over the Study Area
After Crowley and Mars, 2002
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Berrien County, Michigan
ASTER CIR Image
After Crowley and Mars, 2002
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Berrien County Land Cover
After Crowley and Mars, 2002
General Land Cover Classification
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Clay Rich Soils - Berrien County
After Crowley and Mars, 2002
Occurrence of Clay-Rich Soils in Bare Fields
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Growth of Las Vegas 1975-2007
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ASTER and Remote Sensing of Volcanic Phenomena
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Over 500 million people live under the shadow of
a volcano, dangerously close to the 1500 active
volcanoes on Earth.
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Naples
Seattle
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Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia November 1985
Eruption melts ice cap, sending mud flow 60 km
downstream
Picturesque mountain in Andes
Town of Armero buried in just a few minutes
23,000 people killed
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Remote Sensing Volcano Applications
Surface Temperature
Topography and Surface Deformation
Surface Deposits and Composition

• VISION
• 10 years Long-term record of Surface Strain
  and emissions
• 20 years 60-90 day eruption forecasts

Modeling
SO2 and Ash Detection and Tracking
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• Satellite Detectable Precursors
• Thermal anomalies crater lakes, lava lakes,
  fumaroles, domes
• SO2 emissions
• Deformation inflation

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Chiliques Volcano Awakens in Chile
ASTER nighttime thermal data discovered thermal
anomaly in January 2002, continuing in April
2002. Visible image reveals 2 crater lakes at
summit, that have suddenly become hot. Chiliques
has shown no historic activity, but may be
re-awakening.
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ASTER data are improving our knowledge of the
dynamics of magma rise, intrusion, and eruption

• Volcanism is a surface manifestation of mantle
  convection.
• ASTER observations of volcanos thermal behavior
  and eruptions improve our understanding of
  dynamics
• Systematic monitoring of volcanoes by ASTER
  enhances our abilities to predict eruptions

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Eruption of Mt. Etna, Italy
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July 25, 2001 Eruption of Mt. Etna
Visible Image TIR Image
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ASTER DEM Change Detection
Etna summit
Line 215
A
Approx. Location of Line 215
A
B
1992 Lava Flow above Val Calanna
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Line 215

• 1991-93 lava accumulation is visible in ASTER
  DEM topographic profile.
• Current ASTER DEM change detection threshold
  ?50m.

A
B
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Volcanic SO2 flux monitoring with ASTER

• SO2 rich plume absorbs 8.6µm thermal emission
  from the sea
• surface -gt Lower brightness temperature for
  band 11 (Cyan color).
• SO2 flux was estimated at 3 - 10 x104 tons/day on
  Nov. 8, 2000.
• 
  

Miyakejima Island, Japan
SO2 plume
M. Urai of the Geological Survey of Japan
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January 2006 Eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska
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Current response Augustine, AK

• Since October 2005
• Elevated seismicity
• First GPS observed deformation since 1986
• Vigorous steaming from summit this week
• rotten egg sulfur smell in several villages
  downwind of volcano

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Explosive volcano located near most of Alaskas
population Good target for increased satellite
monitoring
ASH plume from Mt. St. Augustine, Alaska 1km
AVHRR, 30 March 1986
Steam plume from Mt. St. Augustine, Alaska 250m
Terra MODIS, 12 Dec. 2005
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Frequent ASTER attempts will hopefully pay off
with useful pre-, syn-, and post-eruption views
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ASTER, 1-12-06
Look Direction
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Input Data Sets
ASTER
SRTM Landsat
ASTER DEM
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Landsat SRTM
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ASTER ASTER DEM SRTM Landsat
Plume extent and cloud top topography derived
from ASTER image
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ASTER night TIR image, January 31
Ash-laden plume
3 Pyroclastic flows
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Kamchatka Volcanoes Klyuchevskoy, Kamen,
Bezymianney
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Kliuchevskoi Volcano, Kamchatka

• 4835m high basaltic-andesite volcano
• Both explosive and effusive eruptions
• Very frequent and violent eruptions, affecting
  air traffic

09 Feb 2005
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Kliuchevskoi Time Series
15 Jan 2005
22 Jan 2005
23 Jan 2005
07 Feb 2005
8 Feb 2005
24 Feb 2005
9 Feb 2005
16 Feb 2005
04 Mar 2005
11 Mar 2005
12 Mar 2005
14 Apr 2005
28 Apr 2005
29 Apr 2005
16 May 2005
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Kliuchevskoi 2006/2007

• Timeline of Activity
• 14 Dec first AVHRR thermal anomalies
• 10-30 C above background
• 22 Dec first auto alert and trigger of AESICS
• data acquired on 4-5 Jan 2007
• color code raised to yellow in January
• 15 Feb color code raised again to orange
• 2 Mar second auto alert and trigger of AESICS
• data acquired on 17-18 Mar
• long delay from first alert was a function of
  system functionality testing (21 days from last
  thermal anomaly)

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4 Jan 07
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16 Feb 07
photo by Yu. Demyanchuk
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21 Feb 07
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18 Mar 07
18 March first incandescence in crater
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2 Apr 07
SWIR B7 375 C
TIR T Tmax 43C
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9-15 April 07
photo by Yu. Demyanchuk
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19 Apr 07
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26 April 2007
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24 April 2007
photo by Yu. Demyanchuk
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12 May 07
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11 May 07
photo by Yu. Demyanchuk
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21 May 07
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21 May 2007
photo by Yu. Demyanchuk
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21 May 07
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22 May 07
photo by Yu. Demyanchuk
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28 June 07
june07-kluy.jpg
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Kliuchevskoi 2007
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ASTER Web Site
http//asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov
and
http//www.ersdac.or.jp/eng