Overview

1
Overview

• Week 1 - August 31, September 2

2
Introductions

• About me
• About you
• Name
• Where are you from?
• What program are you in?
• Why are you takingthis class
• Make a name tag

EPP
3
Syllabus

• http//lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa04/
• Office hours
• TA
• Books
• Class schedule
• Subject to change - check web site for latest
  updates
• Guest speakers
• Research and communication skills
• http//lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa04/skills.html
• Homework
• Project (to be discussed in more detail Sept 2)
• http//lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa04/project.html
  
• Course requirements and grading
• Class mailing list
• http//cups.cs.cmu.edu/mailman/listinfo/privacy-cl
  ass

4
Cheating will not be tolerated

• You must do your own homework
• It is acceptable to discuss the reading
  assignments and general approaches to solving
  homework problems with your classmates
• It is not acceptable to discuss detailed homework
  answers or to copy homework answers from other
  students
• Hopefully you already knew this.

5
What does privacy mean to you?
6
What is privacy?

• Information privacy vs. decisional privacy
• Information privacy concerns the collection, use,
  and disclosure of personal information
• Decisional privacy concerns the freedom to make
  decisions about one's body and family
• Public and Private Spheres
• Distinction made in philosophical discourse
• Private sphere
• not bound by public rules
• "deprived" of being heard and seen by others
• Defining privacy as a right to
• intimacy
• secrecy
• limited access to the self
• control over information

7
Westin Privacy and Freedom 1967

• "Privacy is the claim of individuals, groups or
  institutions to determine for themselves when,
  how, and to what extent information about them is
  communicated to others"
• Privacy is not an absolute

8
Westin continued

• Four states of privacy
• solitude - individual separated form the group
  and freed form the observation of other persons
• intimacy - individual is part of a small unit
• anonymity - individual in public but still seeks
  and finds freedom from identification and
  surveillance
• reserve - the creation of a psychological barrier
  against unwanted intrusion - holding back
  communication
• Four functions of privacy for individuals in
  democratic society
• personal autonomy
• control when you go public about info
• emotional release
• be yourself
• permissible deviations to social or institutional
  norms
• self-evaluation
• limited and protected communication

9
Different views of privacy

• Privacy as limited access to self
• the extent to which we are known to others and
  the extent to which others have physical access
  to us
• Privacy as control over information
• not simply limiting what others know about you,
  but controlling it
• this assumes individual autonomy, that you can
  control information in a meaningful way (not
  blind click through, for example)

10
Multiple facets of privacy

• How can posting personal information about myself
  on my web site result in a reduction of my
  privacy? How can it result in an increase in my
  privacy?

11
Web privacy concerns

• Data is often collected silently
• Web allows large quantities of data to be
  collected inexpensively and unobtrusively
• Data from multiple sources may be merged
• Non-identifiable information can become
  identifiable when merged
• Data collected for business purposes may be used
  in civil and criminal proceedings
• Users given no meaningful choice
• Few sites offer alternatives

12
Privacy surveys find concerns

• Increasingly people say they are concerned about
  online privacy (80-90 of US Net users)
• Improved privacy protection is factor most likely
  to persuade non-Net users to go online
• 27 of US Net users have abandoned online
  shopping carts due to privacy concerns
• 64 of US Net users decided not to use a web site
  or make an online purchase due to privacy
  concerns
• 34 of US Net users who do not buy online would
  buy online if they didnt have privacy concerns

13
Beyond concern

• April 1999 Study Beyond ConcernUnderstanding
  Net Users' Attitudes About Online Privacy by
  Cranor, Ackerman and Reagle (US panel results
  reported)
• http//www.research.att.com/projects/privacystud
  y/
• Internet users more likely to provide info when
  they are not identified
• Some types of data more sensitive than others
• Many factors important in decisions about
  information disclosure
• Acceptance of persistent identifiers varies
  according to purpose
• Internet users dislike automatic data transfer

14
Few read privacy policies

• 3 review online privacy policies carefully most
  of the time
• Most likely to review policy before providing
  credit card info
• Policies too time consuming to read and difficult
  to understand
• 70 would prefer standard privacy policy format
• Most interested in knowing about data sharing and
  how to get off marketing lists
• People are more comfortable at sites that have
  privacy policies, even if they dont read them

15
Survey references

• Mark S. Ackerman, Lorrie Faith Cranor and Joseph
  Reagle, Beyond Concern Understanding Net Users
  Attitudes About Online Privacy, (ATT Labs, April
  1999), http//www.research.att.com/projects/privac
  ystudy/
• Mary J. Culnan and George R. Milne, The
  Culnan-Milne Survey on Consumers Online Privacy
  Notices Summary of Responses, (December 2001),
  http//www.ftc.gov/bcp/workshops/glb/supporting/cu
  lnan-milne.pdf.
• Cyber Dialogue, Cyber Dialogue Survey Data
  Reveals Lost Revenue for Retailers Due to
  Widespread Consumer Privacy Concerns, (Cyber
  Dialogue, November 7, 2001), http//www.cyberdialo
  gue.com/news/releases/2001/11-07-uco-retail.html.
• Forrester Research, Privacy Issues Inhibit Online
  Spending, (Forrester, October 3, 2001).
• Louis Harris Associates and Alan F. Westin,
  Commerce, Communication and Privacy Online (Louis
  Harris Associates, 1997), http//www.privacyexch
  ange.org/iss/surveys/computersurvey97.html
• Louis Harris Associates and Alan F. Westin.
  E-Commerce and Privacy, What Net Users Want,
  (Sponsored by Price Waterhouse and Privacy
  American Business. P AB, June 1998).
  http//www.privacyexchange.org/iss/surveys/ecommsu
  m.html
• Opinion Research Corporation and Alan F. Westin.
  Freebies and Privacy What Net Users Think.
  Sponsored by Privacy American Business. P AB,
  July 1999. http//www.privacyexchange.org/iss/surv
  eys/sr990714.html
• Privacy Leadership Initiative, Privacy Notices
  Research Final Results, (Conducted by Harris
  Interactive, December 2001), http//www.ftc.gov/bc
  p/workshops/glb/supporting/harris20results.pdf
• An extensive list of privacy surveys from around
  the world is available from http//www.privacyexch
  ange.org/iss/surveys/surveys.html.

16
Homework 1

• http//lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa04/hw1.html

17
Project

• http//lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa04/project.html

18
Selecting a research topic
Research and Communication Skills

• Brainstorm
• What are you interested in?
• What would you like to learn more about?
• What topics might be relevant to your thesis
  work?
• What topics might be relevant to your future
  career?
• Select a small number of candidate topics (Sept
  14)
• Read
• How much information seems to be available?
• Is this topic over done?
• What open questions are there?
• Do you still find this topic interesting?
• Do you have the skills necessary to pursue this
  topic?
• Focus (Sept 23 - one paragraph description)
• Select a topic
• Define a focused research question
• Read some more
• Conduct a literature review
• Adjust your topic as needed
• Write a project proposal (October 5)

19
Finding info with search engines
Research and Communication Skills

• General purpose search engines
• Google, Yahoo, Altavista, A9, etc.
• Clustered searching
• Vivisimo, Dogpile
• Search CS research literature
• http//portal.acm.org
• http//citeseer.ist.psu.edu/
• http//ieeexplore.ieee.org/

20
Advanced searching
Research and Communication Skills

• Boolean searching
• Operators AND, OR, NOT, NEAR
• Implied operators AND is often implied
• Parentheses for grouping
• Wildcards
• Quotes
• Getting to know the ins and outs of your favorite
  search engines
• Many search engines do not use pure boolean
  searching
• Most search engines have some special syntax
• Search engines use different algorithms to
  determine best match

21
Advanced Googling
Research and Communication Skills

• See http//www.lib.berkeley.edu/TeachingLib/Guides
  /Internet/Google.html
• Ranks results using PageRank algorithm, taking
  into account popularity, importance, word
  proximity
• Special syntax
• intitle, inurl, site, intext, filetype,
  daterange, numrange
• Boolean operators OR, -
• Fuzzy searching , ..,
• Exact phrases
• 10-term limit
• Special searches
• Definitions (define), calculator, area codes,
  flight searches, and more

22
Homework discussion

• http//lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa04/hw1.html
• Questions or comments on the reading?
• Is curiosity about other people a uniquely
  American trait?
• Collage discussion
• What does privacy mean to you?
• Privacy in the news

23
Homework 2

• http//lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa04/hw2.html