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INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
Materials developed under the European programme
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BIZNES MIEDZYNARODOWY
SYLLABUS

1. Dlaczego narody handluja ze soba? Teorie wymiany
   miedzynarodowej.
2. Co ksztaltuje wymiane? Czynniki geograficzne.
3. Co ksztaltuje wymiane? Czynniki polityczne.
   Czynniki prawne.
4. Co ksztaltuje wymiane? Czynniki kulturowe.
5. Co ksztaltuje wymiane? Czynniki ekonomiczne.

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BIZNES MIEDZYNARODOWY
SYLLABUS

1. Handel zagraniczny. Definicje podstawowe.
2. Posrednicy w obrocie miedzynarodowym.
3. Organizacja obrotu. INCOTERMS 2000.
4. Organizacje miedzynarodowe.
5. Co ksztaltuje wymiane? Czynniki ekonomiczne.

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INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS International Trade
Theories
Materials developed under the European programme
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Why do nations trade?

• Mercantilism
• Absolute Advantage
• Comparative Advantage
• Hecksher-Ohlin Theorem
• International Product Life Cycle

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Mercantilism

• One of first economic doctrines (1550 to 1800)
• Wealth measured in gold.
• accumulate gold by exporting more than importing
• Since amount of gold is finite, trade is
  zero-sum
• Assumes governments can control trade
• France and Japan are modern neomercantilist
  examples

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Absolute Advantage

• Adam Smith in Wealth of Nations
• Produce and export goods at which each nation is
  most efficient
• Labor is primary cost factor

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Comparative Advantage

• Ricardo in 1817
• Trade success although no absolute advantage in
  trade goods
• Produce and export goods at which each nation is
  relatively most efficient
• Labor is primary cost factor

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Heckscher-Ohlin Theory

• Differences in production factors
• Adds land and capital to labor as production
  factors that add value
• Concentrate on goods requiring most abundant
  factor
• Doesnt account for
• transportation costs
• taste preferences
• available technology

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International Product Life Cycle

• Related to product life cycle theory in marketing

Intro.
Growth
Maturity
Decline
Unit Sales
Time
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International Product Life Cycle
Exports
Imports
Unit Sales
Domestic Sales
Domestic Production
Domestic Exports
Foreign Production
Foreign Competition
Import Competition
time
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Newer Explanations

• Economies of Scale/Experience Curve
• Lindler Theory of Overlapping Demand
• Porters Competitive Advantage of Nations

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Lindler Theory of Overlapping Demand

• Focused on manufactured goods
• Trade between nations with similar per capita
  income
• Consumers demands are similar (overlapping)

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Porters Competitive Advantage of Nations

• Four variables in competitive advantage
• demand conditions
• factor conditions
• related and supporting industries
• firm strategy, structure, competition

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Trade Restrictions

• National defense
• Infant industries
• Protection of domestic jobs
• Retaliation
• Dumping
• Export subsidies

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Types of Restrictions

• Tariff Barriers
• Ad Valorem
• Specific
• Compound

• Taxes
• Value Added Tax
• Import/Export Taxes
• Excise duty

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Non-Tariff Barriers

• Quantitative
• quotas,
• orderly marketing arrangements,
• countertrade
• Non Quantitative
• government subsidies
• standards

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Economic Development

• Developed nations
• Newly industrialized economies (NIEs)
• Developing nations

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Developed Nations

• Western European nations
• United States
• Japan
• Australia
• New Zealand
• Canada

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Newly Industrialized Economies (NIEs)

• Brazil
• Mexico
• Malaysia
• Thailand
• Chile

• South Korea
• Taiwan
• Hong Kong
• Singapore

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GNP/Capita as Indicator

• Widely used to compare nations
• Values are estimated
• Some GNP unreported
• Barter trade not reported
• Exchange rates may not reflect actual value
• Assumes equal distribution
• Include other measures

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Characteristics of Developing Nations-1

• GNP/Capital less than 2,000
• Unequal distribution
• Technological dualism
• Majority earn income from agriculture
• Unproductive agriculture
• Large unemployment figures

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Characteristics of Developing Nations-2

• Health problems and malnutrition
• High illiteracy
• High population growth
• Reliance on few products for export
• Difficult topography
• Low savings rate
• Political instability