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Lecture 29

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2
Scale Factor (S)
10-10
10-15
10-20
10-30
10-25
1080
1030
Density (tons/cm3)
1020
1040
Temperature (K)
1010
1
10-40
10-20
10-30
10-10
1
Time (seconds)
3
Scale Factor (S)
10-10
10-15
10-20
10-30
10-25
1080
1030
Density (tons/cm3)
1020
1040
Temperature (K)
1010
1
10-40
10-20
10-30
10-10
1
10-6 sec
Time (seconds)
10-14 sec
4
Atoms are Mostly Empty Space
Atom
Nucleus
5
Protons are also Mostly Empty Space!
Proton
quark
quark
quark
6
Scale Factor (S)
10-10
10-15
10-20
10-30
10-25
1080
1030
Density (tons/cm3)
Particle desert
1020
1040
Temperature (K)
Unknown physics
1010
1
10-40
10-20
10-30
10-10
1
Time (seconds)
7
Super-symmetric Particles
Super-partner Particles
Standard Model Particles
Fermions
Bosons
s?
Selectron Sneutrino Squark
Electron Neutrino Quark
Bosons
Fermions
Photon W Z Gluon
Photino Wino Zino Gluino
?ino
8
Scale Factor (S)
10-10
10-15
10-20
10-30
10-25
1080
1030
Density (tons/cm3)
1020
1040
Temperature (K)
Unknown physics
1010
1
10-40
10-20
10-30
10-10
1
Time (seconds)
9
The Standard Model Particles
Matter Particles (Fermions)
Force carriers (Bosons)
Leptons
Quarks
?
EM
e
?e
u
d
Family 1
Z
W
Weak
?
??
c
s
Family 2
gs
Strong
? 8
?
??
t
b
Family 3
gv
Gravity
10
The Four Forces of Nature
11
The Three Forces of Nature
Before 0.1 nanoseconds
12
Scale Factor (S)
10-10
10-15
10-20
10-30
10-25
1080
1030
Density (tons/cm3)
Electroweak Unification
1020
1040
Temperature (K)
Unknown physics
1010
1
10-40
10-20
10-30
10-10
1
Time (seconds)
13
Changing Force Strengths
Standard Model
10
animate near 2526
Force Strength
5
0
1015
105
0
1010
Energy (GeV)
14
Changing Force Strengths
Standard Model Supersymmetry
10
Force Strength
5
0
1015
105
0
1010
Energy (GeV)
15
Scale Factor (S)
10-10
10-15
10-20
10-30
10-25
1080
1030
Density (tons/cm3)
Electroweak Unification
1020
1040
Temperature (K)
Unknown physics
10-36 sec
1010
1
10-40
10-20
10-30
10-10
1
Time (seconds)
16
Detecting Proton Decay
17
Detecting Proton Decay
50,000 ton water chamber
18
How Great was the Asymmetry?
N(annihilations) N(survivors)
Asymmetry one part in a billion excess of matter
over antimatter
19
Matter Anti-matter Annihilation
20
Scale Factor (S)
10-10
10-15
10-20
10-30
10-25
1080
1030
Density (tons/cm3)
Electroweak transition
1020
1040
Temperature (K)
Unknown physics
1010
1
10-40
10-20
10-30
10-10
1
Time (seconds)
21
End of Lecture
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