Title: Enhancing Social Accountability through Community Empowerment
1Enhancing Social Accountability through Community
Empowerment
- A Pilot Citizen Report Card (CRC) in Ethiopia
-
-
- by
- Eshetu Bekele
- Executive Director, PANE
-
- June 2008
21. What is a Citizen Report Card?
- A simple but powerful tool to provide public
agencies with feedback from their users, using a
random sample and survey - A voice for citizens to express their
satisfaction or dissatisfaction in simple and
unambiguous terms - Views of the communities about the availability,
adequacy, quality, and access to basic public
services.
32. Why use a Citizen Report Card?
- Gives detailed information, not just measures of
satisfaction or approval - Is credible and trusted, thanks to its
methodology for sampling and analysis - Can be used to reach informed policy decisions
and reexamine conclusions from other analytical
studies.
43. The Pilot CRC in Ethiopia
- A part of the countrys approach to the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). - Fits well within the framework of Sustainable
Development and Poverty Reduction Programs
(SDPRP/PASDEP). - Designed and implemented by PANE and its local
member groups.
54. Methodological stages
- 1. Assessment of the fit of CRC in the Ethiopian
context - 2.Selection of variables through Focus Group
Discussions. - 3. Design of the survey.
- 4. Sampling.
- 5. Training of trainers (supervisors
enumerators). - 6. Execution of the field survey.
- 7. Conduction of a process audit.
- 8. Data entry (using SPSS).
- 9. Analysis and interpretation of findings.
- 10. Drafting of the report.
65. The Sample
- Oromiya, Tigray, and SNNPR surveyed among rural
areas Dire Dawa surveyed among urban areas. - 3,900 households surveyed in total.
- Woredas classified as either remote or non-remote
from regional centers, and subsequently selected
randomly from each category. - The study covered 4 priority sectors
Agricultural extension primary education health
sanitation and drinking water services.
76. Some demographic findings
- For all regions, the greatest proportion of
people who have never attended school is found
for those above the age of 60. - In Dire Dawa the incidence of marriage is lower,
but that of divorce is higher than in the rural
regions. - With regard to employment, women are most often
engaged in household chores, while men are
engaged in agriculture. - Among public services, government primary schools
are the most widely available (more than 80),
while government health facilities are the least
available (less than 20).
87. Findings on Drinking Water
- Nearly three-fourths of rural Ethiopians depend
on non-potable water sources. - Roughly half of those in both rural and urban
areas report water scarcity. - Satisfaction scores for public water sources are
high in terms of both adequacy and quality. - 62 percent or rural respondents reported
willingness to pay more for better drinking water
services.
9Rates of Complete Satisfaction with Water Supply
Adequacy and Quality(in percent, rural total)
Note Numbers of observations are low in the
case of boreholes, water vendors, and in-house
taps.
10Policy Pointers for Drinking Water
- Lack of access to protected water supply sources,
as well as the safety of unprotected sources,
must be improved. - Specific programs must be developed to support
users during times of water scarcity. - Regional disparities in access to and reliability
of water supply must be addressed. - Policymakers must analyze carefully respondents
willingness to pay more for better drinking water
services.
118. Findings on Health Sanitation
- 84 percent of rural children have been
vaccinated. - Less than one-third of rural respondents use
toilets, with custom of not using a toilet the
most frequently cited reason. - More than one-third of rural respondents travel a
distance greater than ten miles to reach a health
facility. - Most rural respondents believe both health and
sanitation services have improved over the last
two years.
12Rates of Complete Satisfaction with Health
Sanitation Services(in percent)
13Policy Pointers for Health Sanitation
- The remoteness of health facilities must be
addressed. - Reports on the unavailability of drugs and the
wide variation in cost begs a review of existing
drug policies. - Awareness campaigns on safe sanitation practices
must be stepped up, and existing systems must be
improved.
149. Findings on Education
- Less than one-third of rural students report the
availability of drinking water in school. - The cost of education varies across regions.
- More than one-third of parents pay extra amounts
to various school authorities 17 percent of
these payments were demanded. - Community involvement in school management is
high, although few parents reported membership in
parent-teacher committees.
15Rates of Complete Satisfaction with Educational
Servicesin percent)
16Policy Pointers for Education
- Essential infrastructure in schools and ensuring
safe drinking water must be improved. - The wide variation in the amount of monthly fees
paid to government schools indicates a need to
reexamine existing policies. - Low membership in parent-teacher committees need
to be examined, and alternative forums considered.
1710. Findings on Agriculture Extension Services
- Roughly one-fifth of farmers have borrowed money
for agriculture and related activities. - Formal marketing support is largely absent.
- More than half of farmers reported the loss of
crops and cattle.
18Rates of Satisfaction with the Quality of
Agriculture Extension Services(in percent)
19Policy Pointers for Agriculture Extension Services
- Given the critical nature of agriculture in
Ethiopia, the expansion of the network of agents
should be considered. - The present level of support for marketing and
access to credit facilities is a concern. - The high proportion of farmers reporting the loss
of crops and cattle points to a need to introduce
insurance schemes.
20The Final Scorecardby sector, rural regions only
2111. Conclusions and Lessons
- The PRSP process has brought an added opportunity
for CSOs in Ethiopia - CRC has enhanced SA in Ethiopia
- The CRC study strengthened CSOs partnership with
government, donors and communities - The CRC process has also empowered and
strengthened PANE other CSOs, by developing
confidence and capacity to conduct the CRCs
22Contd
- The CRC is also found to be very useful in the
PRSP process (planning, implementation ME) - Used as an input to the SDPRP/PASDEP (Ethiopian
PRSP) - Helped the process of citizens community groups
empowerment and also enhanced social
accountability, - CRCs helped in creating capacities of communities
by facilitating discussions among themselves and
service providing agencies
23 THANK YOU!