Behavior Get A Life

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BehaviorGet A Life
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On the next slide is a maze. As with most mazes,
there is a start and a finish. Once your teacher
changes the slide, he/she will call out the
seconds. Going through it with your eyes, you
should time how fast it takes you to complete the
maze. Write this time down.
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READY??
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SET??
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GO!!!
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How long did it take you?
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• Endocrine System
• Ch. 39

• Behaviors
• Ch. 34

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Endocrine System Overview

• Glands that release products into the bloodstream
  which in turn tell the body to perform certain
  functions.
• Hormones are the chemicals that are released.
• Cells that hormones affect are target cells.
• Hormones cause specific responses to only
  specific target cells.
• Results of hormones are usually slower, yet
  longer-lasting, than nerve signals.

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Which hormone will initiate a response on the
target cell below?
A
B
C
D
E
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Types of Glands

• Exocrine
• Release secretions into ducts

• Endocrine
• Release secretions (hormones) straight into the
  bloodstream

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Types of Hormones

• Steroid
• Lipids
• Cross cell-membranes to initiate effects
• Bind to receptors inside cell membrane

• Nonsteroid
• Bind to receptors on cell membrane to initiate
  effects

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Endocrine System Control

• Regulated by Feedback Mechanisms
• Example
• Thermostat registers a temperature drop below
  68.
• Thermostat signals the furnace to turn on and
  heat the house.
• Thermostat registers that the temperature raised
  to 68.
• Thermostat signals the furnace to turn off.
• Negative feedback
• Most systems
• Last signal tells the first to stop
• Positive feedback
• Last signal amplifies the first
• Uterine contractions during childbirth

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Endocrine System
Hypothalamus (part of brain) The hypothalamus
makes hormones that control the pituitary gland.
In addition, it makes hormones that are stored in
the pituitary gland.
Pineal gland The pineal gland releases melatonin,
which is involved in rhythmic activities, such as
daily sleep-wake cycles.
Thyroid The thyroid produces thyroxine, which
regulates metabolism.
Pituitary gland The pituitary gland produces
hormones that regulate many of the other
endocrine glands.
Pancreas The pancreas produces insulin and
glucagon, which regulate the level of glucose in
the blood.
Parathyroid glands These four glands release
parathyroid hormone, which regulate the level of
calcium in the blood.
Ovary The ovaries produce estrogen and
progesterone. Estrogen is required for the
development of secondary sex characteristics and
for the development of eggs. Progesterone
prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg.
Thymus During childhood, the thymus releases
thymosin, which stimulates Tcell development.
Testis The testes produce testosterone, which is
responsible for sperm production and the
development of male secondary sex characteristics
Adrenal glands The adrenal glands release
epinephrine, norepinephrine, and corticosteroids
which help the body deal with stress.
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Hypothalamus

• Location- Brain
• Hormones Produced / Effects
• Releasing hormones / signals pituitary

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Pituitary

• Location- Base of Skull (underneath hypothalamus)
• Hormones Produced / Effects
• Posterior Pituitary
• ADH / kidneys reabsorb water
• Oxytocin / uterine contractions and milk
  production
• Anterior Pituitary Master Gland
• FSH / Production of egg and sperm
• LH / Stimulates ovaries and testis, uterine
  implantation
• TSH / Stimulates thyroid to release thyroxin
• ACTH / Stimulates Adrenal Cortex to release
  hormones
• GH / Stimulates protein synthesis
• Prolactin / Stimulates milk production
• MSH / Stimulates production of melanin in skin
  cells

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Thyroid

• Location- Upper part of trachea
• Hormones Produced / Effects
• Thyroxine / Controls metabolic rate
• Calcitonin / Regulates calcium levels

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Thyroid problems

• Too little thyroxine Hypothyroidism, Cretinism
  in children
• Too much thyroxine Hyperthyroidism

• Lack of Iodine Goiter
• Iodine is a component of thyroxine
• Thyroid Gland enlarges to try and compensate for
  low thyroxine levels

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Thyroid problems Hypothyroidism
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Thyroid problemsHypothyroidismCretinism

• Children born without enough thyroxin, this
  child is mentally retarded, deaf and mute

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Thyroid problems Hyperthyroidism
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Thyroid problemsAcromegalyToo much growth
hormone

Greek word for "extremities" and "enlargement
excessive growth occurs first in the hands and
feet, as soft tissue begins to swell
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Thyroid problemsDwarfismtoo little growth
hormone
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Parathyroid Gland

• Location embedded in the back surface of the
  thyroid gland, four
• Hormones Produced/Effect
• Parathyroid hormone/Controls level of calcium in
  the blood important in maintaining proper nerve
  function, muscle function and bone structure

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Adrenal Cortex Medulla

• Location- Above Kidneys
• Hormones Produced / Effects
• Adrenal Medulla
• Epinephrine Norepinephrine / Fight or Flight
• Adrenal Cortex
• Corticosteroids aldosterone and cortisol /
  aldosterone reabsorption of sodium ions and
  excretion of potassium ions cortisol controls
  rate of metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and
  proteins

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Adrenal ProblemsCushings syndrome Overactive
adrenal cortex
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Adrenal ProblemsAddisons DiseaseUnderactive
adrenal cortex

• Weakness
• Unintentional weight loss
• Nausea
• Dehydration
• Chronic diarrhea
• Loss of appetite
• Darkening of the skin in some areas
• Paleness
• Skin rashes on the feet and hands
• Sores on the inside of the mouth
• Slow, sluggish, and lethargic movements
• Slow and sluggish speech
• Changes in the blood pressure or pulse
• Excessive sweating on the face and or hands
• Headaches
• Dilated pupils
• Confusion
• Involuntary, abnormal eyelid movement

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Pancreas

• Location- Next / behind to stomach
• Hormones Produced / Effects
• Insulin / Remove sugar from blood into cells
• Glucagon / Release sugar from cells into blood

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Diabetes

• Type I
• Pancreas produces too little insulin
• High blood sugar levels
• Type II
• Cells are resistant to insulin

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The Endocrine System
regulates
by meansof the
by meansof the
by meansof the
by meansof the
by meansof the
by meansof the
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Plant Responses

• Plants respond to their
• environments Tropisms
• These responses initiated
• by plant hormones

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Types of plant responses

• Phototropism- response to light
• Gravitropism- response to gravity
• Thigmotropism- response to touch

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Animal responses

• Animals can also respond to their environments
• Taxis
• response to light?
• response to gravity?
• response to touch?

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Animal Behavior

• Behavior- The way in which an animal responds
  (response) due to changes in its environment
  (stimulus).
• Innate (Instinct or Inborn)
• Appear fully functional the first time performed
• Learned
• Imprinting
• Habituation
• Classical Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning
• Insight Learning

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Imprinting

• Learning based on early experience once
  imprinting has occurred, the behavior cannot be
  changed

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Habituation

• Learning process by which an animal decreases or
  stops its response to a repetitive stimulus that
  neither rewards or harms it

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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Animals learn to make a
mental connection with a stimulus Pavlovs Dog
After Conditioning When Pavlov rang a bell inthe
absence of food, the dogstill salivated. The dog
was conditioned to salivate in response to a
stimulus that it did not normally associate with
food.
Before Conditioning When a dog sees or smells
food, it produces saliva. Food is the stimulus
and the dogs response is salivation. Dogs do not
usually salivate in response to nonfood stimuli.
During Conditioning By ringing a bell every time
he fed the dog, Pavlov trained the dog to
associate the sight and smell of food with the
ringing bell.
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Operant Conditioning

• After a stimulus, performing a response in order
  to either receive a reward or avoid punishment
• Also known as Trial Error

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Insight /Intelligent behavior

• Animal applies something it already knows how to
  do to a new situation

HMMM??
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MIGRATING BEHAVIOR

• Periodic moving of animals due to seasonal
  cycles.

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Lets go through that maze again. Same routine as
last time.Ready??
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START
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How fast were you this time???