The US Department of Energys CLEAN CITIES Program

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The US Department of EnergysCLEAN CITIESProgram

• Alamo Area Council of Governments
• John Quebe
• Program Coordinator

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1. Most of the energy we use originally came from

• a) the sun
• b) the air
• c) the soil
• d) the oceans

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2. Electrical energy can be produced from

• a) mechanical energy
• b) chemical energy
• c) radiant energy
• d) All of the above

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3. The U.S. consumes lots of energy. Which fuel
provides the most energy?

• a) petroleum
• b) coal
• c) natural gas
• d) solar

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4. Coal, petroleum, natural gas, and propane are
fossil fuels. They are called fossil fuels
because

• a) they are burned to release energy and they
  cause air pollution
• b) they are formed from the buried remains of
  plants and animals that lived millions of years
  ago
• c) they are nonrenewable and will run out
• d) they are mixed with fossils to provide energy

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5. What sector of the U.S. economy consumes most
of the nations petroleum?

• a) residential
• b) commercial
• c) industrial
• d) transportation

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WHAT IS CLEAN CITIES?

• Congress passed EPAct, or Public Law 102-486, on
  October 24, 1992, to accelerate the use of
  alternative fuels in the transportation sector.
• DOE's primary goals are to decrease the nation's
  dependence on foreign oil and increase energy
  security through the use of domestically produced
  alternative fuels.

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• Supports public-private partnerships that deploy
  alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) and build
  supporting infrastructure,
• Enhances energy security and environmental
  quality at both the national and local levels.

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Oil Consumption

• World oil demand is projected to increase from
  76.0 million barrels per day in 2000 to 118.9
  million barrels per day in 2020, an increase of
  42.9 million barrels per day.
• Demand increasing most in the United States and
  developing countries, including the Pacific Rim
  and Central and South America.

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Oil Production

• Growth in oil production in both OPEC and
  non-OPEC nations leads to the relatively slow
  growth of prices through 2020.
• OPEC oil production is expected to reach 57.5
  million barrels per day in 2020, nearly double
  the 30.9 million barrels per day produced in
  2000.

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• Growth in oil production in both OPEC and
  non-OPEC nations leads to the relatively slow
  growth of prices through 2020.
• Non-OPEC oil production is expected to increase
  from 45.7 to 61.1 million barrels per day between
  2000 and 2020 due to higher projected production
  in the Caspian Basin, offshore West Africa, and
  Brazil.

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Factors Influencing Alternate Fuels in San Antonio

• The Alamo Area is an attainment area meeting
  National Ambient Air Quality Minimum Standards.
• As an attainment area we are not eligible for
  CMAQ and will not receive SB-5 funding from the
  state Texas.
• Only the mandated fleets are required to use
  alternate fuels.

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The Alamo Areas Past Experience with Alternative
Fuels

• 1960s - City of San Antonio, Bexar County and VIA
  Metropolitan Transit began limited operations on
  LPG.
• Fleets converted vehicles to LPG and back to
  gasoline before disposal at auction. LPG parts
  reused.
• 1970s - City Public Service (CPS) and BexarMet
  Water converted light-duty vehicles to CNG.
  Discontinued in late 1980s.
• 1990s - Randolph, Lackland and Kelly Air Force
  Bases began adding LNG vehicles to their fleets.
• 1998 - HEB purchased LNG powered FORD tractors
  with Caterpillar LNG engine with diesel fuel
  fallback capability.

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What are the Alternate Fuels?

• Liquid Petroleum Gas (Propane)
• Natural Gas
• Biodiesel
• E-85 (Ethanol)
• Electric
• Hydrogen
• Methanol
• P-Series
• Solar

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LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS - LPG PROPANE

• Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) consists mainly of
  propane/propylene (C3S) and butane/butylene
  (C4S). propane, propylene, butane, and butylene.
• It is produced as a by-product of natural gas
  processing and petroleum refining.
• The components of LPG are gases at normal
  temperatures and pressures.
• More than 350,000 vehicles, mostly in fleets, are
  traveling the nation's highways under propane
  power. Propane is powering School buses in the
  Northside ISD, vehicles in the City of San
  Antonio, Bexar County, Thad Ziegler Glass,
  Schwans, and TxDOT fleets.

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LPG Lawn Mower
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Northside ISD Bus Park
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Natural Gas - CNG and LNG

• Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbonsmainly
  methane (CH4)and is produced either from gas
  wells or in conjunction with crude oil
  production. Natural gas is consumed in the
  residential, commercial, industrial, and utility
  markets.
• The interest for natural gas as an alternative
  fuel stems mainly from its clean burning
  qualities, its domestic resource base, and its
  commercial availability to end-users.
• Because of the gaseous nature of this fuel, it
  must be stored onboard a vehicle in either a
  compressed gaseous state (CNG) or in a liquefied
  state (LNG). It must be stored onboard a vehicle
  in either a compressed gaseous state (CNG) at
  pressures from 3200 to 3600 PSI, or in a
  liquefied state (LNG).
• The main constituent of natural gas is methane,
  which is a relatively unreactive hydrocarbon.
• Most natural gas consumed in the United States is
  domestically produced.

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Alt Fuel Sedans
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CNG Lawn Mower
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BIODIESEL

• Biodiesel (mono alkyl esters) is a
  cleaner-burning diesel replacement fuel made from
  natural, renewable sources such as Soy and
  vegetable oils.
• Biodiesel operates in combustion-ignition engines
  with essentially no engine modifications
  required.
• Biodiesel maintains the payload capacity and
  range of diesel.
• The use of biodiesel in a conventional diesel
  engine results in substantial reduction of
  unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, sulfates,
  polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrated
  polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and particulate
  matter.
• Emissions of nitrogen oxides are either slightly
  reduced or slightly increased depending on the
  duty cycle and testing methods.
• The use of biodiesel decreases the solid carbon
  fraction of particulate matter (since the oxygen
  in biodiesel e Dual fuel engines operate on LNG
  and Diesel (90 LNG , 10 Diesel)

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E-85 Ethanol

• Ethanol (ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, EtOH) is a
  clear, colorless liquid.
• Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) is made from cellulosic
  biomass materials instead of traditional
  feedstocks (starch crops) is called bioethanol.
• In the United States each year, more than 1.5
  billion gallons are added to gasoline to increase
  octane and improve the emissions quality of
  gasoline.
• All automobile manufacturers that do business in
  the United States approve the use of certain
  ethanol/gasoline blends. Approval of ethanol
  blends is found in the owners' manuals under
  references to refueling or gasoline.
• Chemical properties Ethanol is ethane with a
  hydrogen molecule replaced by a hydroxyl radical.

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Electric

• Electricity is unique among the alternative fuels
  in that
• mechanical power is derived directly from it,
  whereas the other alternative fuels release
  stored chemical energy through combustion,
• electric powered vehicles produce ZERO emissions,
• radically different vehicle designs are possible.
• Motive power is produced by an electric motor.
• Electricity used to power vehicles is commonly
  provided by batteries.
• Fuel cells are in development and will convert
  chemical energy to electricity.
• A large number of various types of batteries are
  being tested for use in EVs. Some of the
  technologies being used or evaluated include
  lead-acid, nickel cadmium, nickel iron, nickel
  zinc, nickel metal hydride, sodium nickel
  chloride, zinc bromine, sodium sulfur, lithium,
  zinc air, and aluminum air.

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HYDROGEN

• Hydrogen gas (H2) is being explored for use in
  combustion engines and fuel-cell electric
  vehicles.
• It is a gas at normal temperatures and pressures,
  which presents greater transportation and storage
  hurdles than exist for the liquid fuels.
• Storage systems being developed include
  compressed hydrogen, liquid hydrogen, and
  chemical bonding between hydrogen and a storage
  material (for example, metal hydrides).
• The ability to create the fuel from a variety of
  resources and its clean-burning properties make
  it a desirable alternative fuel.
• Two methods are generally used to produce
  hydrogen
• Electrolysis using electrical energy to split
  water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. It is
  unlikely to become the predominant method for
  producing large quantities of hydrogen.
• The predominant method for producing synthesis
  gas is steam reforming of natural gas. Biomass
  and coal can be gasified and used in a steam
  reforming process to create hydrogen.

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SOLAR

• Solar energy technologies use sunlight to warm
  and light homes, heat water, and generate
  electricity.
• Research has gone in to evaluating how solar
  energy may be used to power vehicles however,
  the long term possibility of operating a vehicle
  on solar power alone is very slim.
• Solar power may be used to run certain auxiliary
  systems in the vehicle.
• Solar energy is derived from the sun with
  photovoltaic cells used to convert sunlight to
  electricity.
• The market for pure solar powered vehicles is
  very limited and no OEMs will be manufacturing
  these vehicles.
• Pure solar energy is 100 renewable and a vehicle
  run on this fuel emits no emissions.

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Answers to the Pop Quiz

• 1. Most of the energy we use originally came from
  (a) the sun.
• 2. Electrical energy can be produced from (d) all
  of the above.
• 3. The U.S. consumes lots of energy. Which fuel
  provides the most energy? (a) petroleum
• 4. Coal, petroleum, natural gas, and propane are
  called fossil fuels because (b) They are formed
  from the buried remains of plants and animals
  that lived years ago
• 5. What sector of the U.S. economy consumes most
  of the nations petroleum? (d) the transportation
  sector

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Earliest Transportation
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The First Evolution
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The Second Evolution
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Motorized Wagon
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Wagon to Automobile
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First Generation Gas Station
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1909 Model T Ford
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Fully Developed Gas Station
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• Partnership between the Federal government and
  the U.S. automotive industry
• Daimler-Chrysler, Ford Motor Co., and General
  Motors Corp.
• Designed to develop a new generation of vehicles
  capable of dramatically improving fuel efficiency
  up to 80 mpg .

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• Achieving low emissions without compromising
  safety, performance, affordability, or utility.
• All three automakers to introduce hybrid
  power-train vehicles into the marketplace. It is
  estimated that these vehicles will reduce
  transportation fuel consumption 10 to 30 percent.

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• CURB WEIGHT up to 40 weight reduction over
  baseline (3200 pounds)
• AERODYNAMICS 0.20 Cd (drag coefficient)
  (Innovative styling)
• FRICTION (ROLLING RESISTANCE) 0.005 (Improved
  tires)
• ENGINE flywheels, batteries, or ultra-capacitors
  
• FUEL EFFICIENCY up to 80 mpg (Metro-Highway)

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Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards

• Under CAFE, cars must get 27.5 miles per gallon
  (based on a combined average for all models) and
  light trucks must get 20.7 miles per gallon.
• Between 1975 and 1985 the average car weight
  dropped by more than 1,000 pounds
• Accident statistics show small cars are more
  dangerous than large ones.

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• Higher CAFÉ standards would reduce dependence on
  foreign oil imports and decrease the pressure to
  drill in fragile ecosystems in the Arctic
  National Wildlife Refuge and the California Outer
  Continental Shelf.
• Penalty for not achieving the standard 55 for
  every mpg short of the required mpg, multiplied
  by the number of vehicles sold.

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• 6 A million cars attaining 18 mpg instead of
  27.5, for example, could cost an automaker over
  522 million.
• SUVs are classified as trucks and fall under the
  easier-to-reach 20.7 mpg standard.
• All these vehicles still use petroleum as their
  fuel.

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The Situation Has Changed

• Automobile fuel economy is declining as SUV
  market share increases
• Significant RD progress has been achieved - 80
  mpg car has not happened
• Industry partners have announced they will
  introduce hybrid technology in production
  vehicles within the next few years

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• Other PNGV technologies (e.g., light-weight
  materials) are being introduced in conventional
  vehicles
• Substantial programs similar to PNGV are underway
  around the world
• Full fuel efficiencies associated with PNGV
  technologies will not be realized in large
  numbers until breakthroughs render them more
  cost-competitive
• Reevaluation is appropriate as PNGV approaches
  the end of a ten-year project

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FreedomCAR

• Aim at longer range goals with greater emphasis
  highway vehicle contributions to energy and
  environmental concerns
• Move to more fundamental RD at the component and
  subsystem level
• Assure coverage of all light vehicle platforms

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• Maintain some effort on nearer term technologies
  that offer early opportunities to save petroleum
• Strengthen efforts on technologies applicable to
  both fuel cell and hybrid approaches e.g.,
  batteries, electronics, and motors

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Enter the Fuel Cell
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First Generation Production Bus Fuel Cell Engine
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Fuel Cell Buses - Hydrogen Fuel
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First Generation Fuel Cell Car
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Smaller Size First
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Whats Missing???

• Alternate fueling stations
• Hydrogen
• Compressed Natural Gas
• Propane
• E-85
• Other?

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Whats Next??

• The fuel cell uses hydrogen which can be
  obtained from several sources. Which source will
  be used?
• Gasoline
• Natural Gas
• Propane
• E-85
• Water
• Other?

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To Reform or Not?

• A reformer separated the hydrogen from the fuel
  for insertion into the fuel cell
• Reforming can be done on or off the vehicle
• Hydrogen does not have to be reformed
• Reformer technology is the missing link

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• Oil companies will be key players
• They have refining/production capacity
• They have distribution networks
• They have credit card/billing systems
• They have deep pockets
• They will not be left behind
• When big oil moves the hydrogen age will really
  begin

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Welcome to the Hydrogen Age
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For Further Information Contact John Quebe,
Clean Cities Coordinator Alamo Area Council of
Governments [phone] jquebe_at_aacog.com WWW.aa
cog.com