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SOUTHEASTERN WETLANDS

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Title: SOUTHEASTERN WETLANDS


1
SOUTHEASTERN WETLANDS
  • COASTAL
  • FORESTED
  • RIVERINEFebruary 25, 2003

2
FORESTED WETLAND
3
COASTAL FRESH WETLAND
4
COASTAL WETLANDS
5
WETLAND MANAGEMENT FOCUS TONIGHT
  • SEASONALLY FLOODED WETLANDS IN THE SOUTHEAST

6
WHAT DOES SEASONAL MEAN??
  • FLOODED FOR PART OF THE YEAR
  • FLOODED DURING WINTER OR DORMANT SEASON IN THE
    SOUTH
  • FLOODING OF SHORT DURATION

7
WHY ARE SEASONAL WETLANDS IMPORTANT IN THE
SOUTH???
  • GOOD CONDITIONS FOR GERMINATION DURING GROWING
    SEASON
  • PLANTS PRODUCE SEEDS DURING GROWING SEASON
  • PLANTS ARE FLOODED DURING DORMANT SEASON

8
RIVERINE WETLANDS
9
NATURAL MICROTOPOGRAPHY
10
FOCUS TODAY
  • MOIST SOIL IMPOUNDMENTS
  • GREENTREE RESERVOIRS

11
TOPICS
  • BASIC WETLAND ECOLOGY
  • ABIOTIC
  • BIOTIC
  • LANDSCAPE SETTING
  • PLANT ECOLOGY
  • MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

12
INFORMATION OF IMPORTANCE
  • HISTORIC CONDITION
  • CURRENT CONDITION

13
DEGREE OF PERTURBATION
INTENSIVE MANAGEMENT
PROTECTION
PHYSICAL
PROCESSES
14
LANDSCAPE SETTING
  • GEOMORPHOLOGY
  • FORMATIVE PROCESSES
  • PARENT MATERIALS

15
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16
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17
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18
WETLAND MODEL
WETLAND PLANTS
INVERTEBRATES
MICROBES
AMPHIBIANS
FISH
REPTILES
BIRDS
ABIOTIC FACTORS
19
ABIOTIC FACTORS
  • HYDROLOGY
  • SOILS
  • CLIMATE
  • FIRE

20
WETLAND SOIL
21
SOIL PROFILE
22
WETLAND PLANTS
  • TOLERANT OF FLOODING
  • ANNUALS PRODUCE ABUNDANT SEEDS
  • PERENNIALS PRODUCE UNDERGROUND RESOURCES
  • PROVIDE STRUCTURE FOR INVERTEBRATES

23
SEEDBANK
24
GERMINATION FACTORS
  • SOIL TEMPERATURE
  • SOIL MOISTURE
  • LIGHT
  • pH
  • SOIL CHEMISTRY

25
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26
INVERTEBRATE ADAPTATIONS
  • RAPID GROWTH
  • RESISTANCE TO DESSICATION
  • TIME EMERGENCE
  • ACTIVE/PASSIVE DISPERSAL
  • IMMIGRATION/EMIGRATION TO FLOOD WATERS

27
BUG ABUNDANCE
  • COMPLEX PLANT STRUCTURE
  • WATER DEPTH
  • LENGTH OF FLOODING
  • PREDATION

28
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29
DECOMPOSITION AND BUGS
PLANT
SOLUBLE NUTRIENTS
LITTER
WATER COLUMN
MICROBES
BUGS AND ALGAE
GRAZERS COLLECTORS FILTER FEEDERS
PREDATORS
30
FORAGING DEPTHS
DEEP
GREBES
DIVING DUCKS
WADERS
DABBLING DUCKS
SHOREBIRDS
SHALLOW
31
WHAT IS MOIST SOIL MANAGEMENT?
  • MANIPULATION OF SOIL AND WATER TO PRODUCE
    RESOURCES FOR WETLAND DEPENDENT WILDLIFE IN
    SEASONALLY FLOODED ENVIRONMENTS

32
RESOURCES IN MOIST-SOIL ENVIRONMENTS
  • 1. PLANT RESOURCES
  • SEEDS
  • TUBERS
  • BROWSE
  • 2. INVERTEBRATES

33
RESPONSE TO MOIST SOIL BY VERTEBRATES
  • MIGRANT WATERBIRDS
  • MIGRANT SPARROWS
  • AERIAL FORAGING SONGBIRDS
  • BREEDING FISH
  • BREEDING AMPHIBIANS
  • BREEDING WADERS

34
FALL MIGRANT WATERFOWL
35
RAILS
36
WADERS
37
SMARTWEED
38
BEGGARTICKS
39
NUTSEDGE
40
SPIKERUSH
41
HIBISCUS
42
YELLOWWATERLILYRHIZOME
43
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44
PLANT DIVERSITY
45
ALLEOPATHY
46
IMPORTANCE OF HABITAT CONDITION FOR GERMINATION
  • SOIL TEMPERATURE
  • SOIL MOISTURE
  • SOIL CHEMISTRY
  • SOIL NUTRIENTS

47
GENERAL PLANT RESPONSE
  • EARLY DRAWDOWN SMARTWEEDS
  • MID-SEASON DRAWDOWN MILLETS
  • LATE SEASON DRAWDOWN
  • SPRANGLETOP

48
LATITUDE VARIATION
  • EARLY DRAWDOWN
  • SOUTHERN LOUISIANA FEBRUARY
  • ARKANSAS MID-MARCH
  • MISSOURI MID-APRIL

49
SOIL TEMPERATURE
  • COOLER
  • EARLY IN SEASON
  • IF MOIST
  • IF ORGANIC SOIL
  • IF LITTER IS PRESENT

50
SOIL MOISTURE
  • WET
  • EARLY IN SEASON
  • IF ORGANIC SOIL
  • IF LITTER IS PRESENT
  • IF SURFACE IS LIGHTER
  • IF TEXTURE IS FINE
  • IF SOIL IS COMPACTED

51
SOIL CONDITIONS FOR GERMINATION
  • SMARTWEEDS COOL AND WET
  • MILLETS WARM AND MOIST
  • SPRANGLETOP HOT AND DRY

52
IDENTIFICATION OF SMALL PLANTS
53
PLANT DENSITY AT GERMINATION
54
EFFECTS OF SUCCESSION
  • NO DISTURBANCE
  • LOWER SEED PRODUCTION
  • MORE PERENNIALS
  • MORE WOODY VEGETATION

55
CHANGES IN SEED PRODUCTION
  • MILLETS
  • FIRST YEAR 1800 LBS/ACRE
  • SECOND YEAR 1400 LBS/ACRE
  • THIRD YEAR 950 LBS/ACRE
  • FOURTH YEAR 500 LBS/ARCE

56
STRATEGY FOR CONTROL
  • MONITORING
  • LIMIT EXOTICS AND PERENNIALS
  • MULTIPLE TREATMENTS
  • PATIENCE

57
CONTROL OF VEGETATION
  • TILLAGE
  • MOWING
  • FLOODING
  • HERBICIDES

58
HEAVY DISC
59
UNEVEN SURFACE
60
FINISH DISC
61
CULTIPACKER
62
TOPOGRAPHY AFTER DISKING
HEAVY DISK
FINISH DISK
CULTIPACKER
63
PLANTS AFTER DISKING
HEAVY DISK COCKLEBUR
FINISH DISK MILLET
CULTIPACKER ANNUAL SEDGES
64
GERMINATION CONDITIONS AND TOPOGRAPHY
WARM AND DRY
COCKLEBUR
COOL AND WET
MILLET
65
ROTARY MOWER
66
SICKELBAR MOWER
67
EFFECTS OF MOWING
GROWING POINT AT BASE
GROWING POINT AT TIP
DICOTS
MONOCOTS
68
EFFECTS OF MOWING
  • MONOCULTURE OF MONOCOTS
  • LESS STRUCTURAL DIVESITY
  • POSSIBLE LOSS OF SEED PRODUCTION

69
FLOODED COCKLEBUR
70
WHAT IS GREENTREE RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT
  • MANIPULATION OF WATER IN IMPOUNDED WETLAND FORESTS

71
DEEPLY FLOODED FOREST
72
FLOODED FOREST
73
RESOURCES IN GREENTREE RESERVOIRS
  • 1. PLANT FOODS
  • HARD MAST
  • SOFT MAST
  • 2. FOREST INVERTEBRATES
  • AQUATIC
  • SEMI-AQUATIC

74
FINGERNAIL CLAMS
75
AQUATIC SOWBUG
76
GREENTREE FLOODING REGIME
MANAGED
DEPTH
NATURAL
S O N D J F
77
BASALSWELLING
78
BASAL SWELLING DAMAGE
79
CHLOROSIS
80
THIN CANOPY
81
VARY FLOODING REGIMES
  • WITHIN A YEAR
  • AMONG YEARS
  • NEVER THE SAME PATTERN

82
TAKE HOME LESSONS
  • KNOW YOUR SITE
  • HAVE AN OBJECTIVE
  • MONITOR YOUR RESULTS
  • WETLANDS ARE DYNAMIC
  • SHALLOW WATER IS BEST
  • THINK BEYOND ONE SEASON
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